<p>Ayn Ghazal  is a neolithic archaeological site located in metropolitan Amman, Jordan, about 2 km north-west of Amman Civil Airport.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The settlement at &#39;Ain Ghazal ("Spring of the Gazelles") first appeared in the Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (MPPNB ) and is split into two phases. Phase I starts circa 10,300 BP and ends c. 9,950 BP, while phase II ends c. 9,550 BP.</p><br>
<p>The 9th millennium MPPNB period in the Levant represented a major transformation in prehistoric lifeways from small bands of mobile hunter–gatherers to large settled farming and herding villages in the Mediterranean zone, the process having been initiated some 2–3 millennia earlier.</p><br>
<p>In its prime era circa 7000 BCE, the site extended over 10–15 hectares (25–37 ac) and was inhabited by ca. 3000 people (four to five times the population of contemporary Jericho). After 6500 BC, however, the population dropped sharply to about one sixth within only a few generations, probably due to environmental degradation, the 8.2 kilo-year event (Köhler-Rollefson 1992).</p><br>
<h2>Location & physical dimensions</h2><br>
<p>It is situated in a relatively rich environmental setting immediately adjacent to the Zarqa River (Wadi Zarqa), the longest drainage system in highland Jordan. It is located at an elevation of about 720m within the ecotone between the oak-park woodland to the west and the open steppe-desert to the east.</p><br>
<p>`Ain Ghazal started as a typical aceramic, Neolithic village of modest size. It was set on terraced ground in a valley-side, and was built with rectangular mud-brick houses that accommodated a square main room and a smaller anteroom. Walls were plastered with mud on the outside, and with lime plaster inside that was renewed every few years.</p><br>
<p>Evidence recovered from the excavations suggests that much of the surrounding countryside was forested and offered the inhabitants a wide variety of economic resources. Arable land is plentifull within the sites immediate environs. These variables are atypical of many major neolithic sites in the Near East, several of which are located in marginal environments. Yet despite its apparent richness, the area of Ain Ghazal is climatically and environmentally sensitive because of its proximity throughout the Holocene to the fluctuating steppe-forest border.</p><br>
<p>In &#39;Ain Ghazal, the early Pottery Neolithic period starts c. 6,400 BC, and continues to 5,000 BC.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>As an early farming community, the `Ain Ghazal people cultivated cereals (barley and ancient species of wheat), legumes (peas, beans and lentils) and chickpeas in fields above the village, and herded domesticated goats. In addition they hunted wild animals – deer, gazelle, equids, pigs and smaller mammals such as fox or hare.</p><br>
<p>The estimated population of the MPPNB site from ‘Ain Ghazal is of 259-1349 individuals with an area of 3.01-4.7 ha. Is argued that at its founding at the commencement of the MPPNB ‘Ain Ghazal was likely about 2 ha in size and grew to 5 ha by the end of the MPPNB. At this point in time their estimated population was 600-750 people or 125-150 people per hectare.</p><br>
<p>The diet of the occupants of PPNB Ain Ghazal was remarkably varied. Domesticated plants included wheat and barley species, but legumes (primarily lentils and peas) appear to have been preferred cultigens. A wide suite of wild plants also were consumed. The determination of domesticated animals, sensu stricto, is a topic of much debate. At PPNB Ain Ghazal goats were a major species, and they were used in a domestic sense, although they may not have been morphologically domestic. Many of the phalanges recovered exhibit pathologies that are suggestive of tethering. An impressive range of wild animal species also were consumed at the site. Over 50 taxa have been identified, including gazelle, Bos, Sus sp., Lepus, and Vulpes.</p><br>
<p>‘Ain Ghazal was in an area that was suitable for agriculture and then grew as a result of the same dynamic. Archaeologists think that throughout the mid east much of the land was exhausted after some 700 years of planting and so became unsuitable for agriculture. The people from those small villages abandoned their unproductive fields and migrated, with their domestic animals, to places with better ecological conditions, like ‘Ain Ghazal that could support larger populations. As opposed to other sites as new people migrated to ‘Ain Ghazal, probably with few possessions and possibly starving, class distinctions began to develop.</p><br>
<p>The influx of new people placed stresses on the social fabric – new diseases, more people to feed from what was planted and more animals that needed grazing.</p><br>
<p>There are evidences of mining activities as part of a production sequence conducted by craftspersons at the site of ‘Ain Ghazal, these potential part-time specialists in some way controlled access to such raw materials.</p><br>
<h2>Genetics</h2><br>
<p>Y-DNA Haplogroup T-M184 is found among the later Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (MPPNB) inhabitants from Ain Ghazal, but was not found among the early and middle MPPNB populations. It is thought that the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B population is mostly composed of two different populations: members of early Natufian civilisation and a population resulting from immigration from the north, i.e. north-eastern Anatolia. However, Natufians have been found to belong mostly to the E1b1b1b2 lineage – which is found among 60% of the whole PPNB population and 75% of the Ain Ghazal population, being present in all three MPPNB stages. Given the complete absence of T-PF7466 among Natufians and earlier MPPNB stages could mean that haplogroup T arrived later with the northerly influx.</p><br>
<p>As was previously found in the early Neolithic settlement from Karsdorf (Germany) a subclade of mtDNA R0 was found with Y-DNA T at &#39;Ain Ghazal.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<h3>Statues</h3><br>
<p>In the earlier levels at ‘Ain Ghazhal there are small ceramic figures that seem to have been used as personal or familial ritual figures. There are figurines of both animals and people. The animal figures are of horned animals and the front part of the animal is the most clearly modeled. They all give the impression of dynamic force. Some of the animal figures have been stabbed in their vital parts these figures have then been buried in the houses. Other figurines were burned and then discarded with the rest of the fire. They built ritual buildings and used large figurines or statues. The actual building of them is also a way for an elite group to demonstrate and reify its authority over those who owe the community or the elite labor as service and to bond laborers together as part of a new community. In addition to the monumental statues small, clay and stone tokens, some with incised with geometric or naturalistic shapes were found at ‘Ain Ghazal.</p><br>
<p>The 195 figurines (40 human and 155 animal) recovered were from MPPNB contexts; 81% of the figurines have been found to belong to the MPPNB while only 19% belonging to the LPPNB and PPNC. The vast majority of figurines are of cattle. A species that makes up only 8% of the overall number of identified specimens (NISP) count. The importance of hunted cattle to the domestic ritual sphere of ‘Ain Ghazal is telling. it was seemingly of importance for individual households to have members who participated both the hunting of cattle – likely a group activity – and the subsequent feasting on the remains.</p><br>
<p>`Ain Ghazal is renowned for a set of anthropomorphic statues found buried in pits in the vicinity of some special buildings that may have had ritual functions. These statues are half-size human figures modeled in white plaster around a core of bundled twigs. The figures have painted clothes, hair, and in some cases, ornamental tattoos or body paint. The eyes are created using cowrie shells with a bitumen pupil and dioptase highlighting.</p><br>
<p>In all, 32 of those plaster figures were found in two caches, 15 of them full figures, 15 busts, and 2 fragmentary heads. Three of the busts were two-headed.</p><br>
<h3>Burial practices</h3><br>
<p>Considerable evidence for mortuary practices during the PPNB period have been described in recent years. Post-mortem skull removal, commonly restricted to the cranium, but on occasion including the mandible, and apparently following preliminary primary interments of the complete corpse. Such treatment has commonly been interpreted as representing rituals connected with veneration of the dead or some form of "ancestor worship".</p><br>
<p>There is evidence of class in the way the dead are treated. Some people are buried in the floors of their houses as they would be at other Neolithic sites. After the flesh had wasted away some of the skulls were disinterred and decorated. This was either a form of respect or so that they could impart their power to the house and the people in it. However, unlike other Neolithic sites, some people were thrown on trash heaps and their bodies remain intact. Scholars have estimated that a third of adult burials were found in trash pits with their heads intact. They may have seen the new comers as a lower class.</p><br>
<p>`Ain Ghazal people buried some of their dead beneath the floors of their houses, others outside in the surrounding terrain. Of those buried inside, often the head was later retrieved and the skull buried in a separate shallow pit beneath the house floor. Also, many human remains have been found in what appear to be garbage pits where domestic waste was disposed, indicating that not every deceased was ceremoniously put to rest. Why only a small, selected portion of the inhabitants were properly buried and the majority simply disposed of remains unresolved. Burials seem to have taken place approximately every 15–20 years, indicating a rate of one burial per generation, though gender and age were not constant in this practice.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation and conservation</h2><br>
<p>The site is located at the boundary between Amman&#39;s Tariq and Basman districts, next to, and named for, the Ayn Ghazal Interchange connecting Al-Shahid Street and Army Street (Ayn Ghazal is the name of a minor village just north of the road, now within Tariq district).</p><br>
<p>The site was discovered in 1974 by developers who were building Army St, the road connecting Amman and Zarqa. Excavation began in 1982, however by this time, around 600 meters (1,970 ft) of road ran through the site. Despite the damage urban expansion brought, what remained of `Ain Ghazal provided a wealth of information and continued to do so until 1989. One of the more notable archaeological finds during these first excavations came to light in 1983. While examining a cross section of earth in a path carved out by a bulldozer, archaeologists came across the edge of a large pit 2.5 meters (8 ft) under the surface containing plaster statues.</p><br>
<p>Another set of excavations, under the direction of Gary O. Rollefson and Zeidan Kafafi took place in the early 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The site was included in the 2004 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund to call attention to the threat of encroaching urban development.</p><br>
<p>Fort MacArthur is a former United States Army installation in San Pedro, Los Angeles, California . A small section remains in military use by the United States Air Force as a housing and administrative annex of Los Angeles Air Force Base. The fort is named in honor of Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur. His son, Douglas MacArthur, would later command American forces in the Pacific during World War II.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1888, President Grover Cleveland designated an area overlooking San Pedro Bay as an unnamed military reservation intended to improve the defenses of the expanding Los Angeles harbor area. Additional land was purchased in 1897 and 1910, and Fort MacArthur was formally created on October 31, 1914. The fort was a training center during World War I, and the first large gun batteries for harbor defense were installed in 1917. The effectiveness of these fixed gun emplacements was debated for many years, and test firings were extremely unpopular with nearby residents, the concussion shattering windows in buildings and houses for miles around. By the end of World War II the large guns were already being removed, with the last decommissioned in 1948. Battery Osgood-Farley is probably the best preserved example of a United States coastal defense gun emplacement, and it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. A second site, Battery John Barlow and Saxton, was added to the Register in 1982.</p><br>
<p>During the early years of the Cold War, Fort MacArthur became a key part of the West Coast&#39;s anti-aircraft defenses, becoming the home base of the 47th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade. A Nike surface-to-air missile battery was activated at the fort in 1954, remaining in service until the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>In 1975 Fort MacArthur became a sub-post of Fort Ord, and the Army transferred ownership of the forts Upper and Lower Reservations to the City of Los Angeles two years later. The Lower Reservation was cleared off and dredged and is now the citys Cabrillo Marina.</p><br>
<p>Fort MacArthur&#39;s remaining Middle Reservation was transferred to the United States Air Force in 1982 for use by the Los Angeles Air Force Base as an administration and housing facility.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, Madonna filmed some parts for her Like a Prayer video.</p><br>
<h2>Angels Gate Park</h2><br>
<p>The Upper Reservation is now a city park: San Pedro&#39;s Angels Gate Park, home of the Korean Bell of Friendship. It is also frequently used by television and motion picture companies. The artillery emplacements have been seen in the television series 24 and in movies as varied as Dragnet, Midway and Tora! Tora! Tora!.</p><br>
<p>A gun battery emplacement, just west of Battery 241 (beneath the Korean Bell of Friendship, seen in upper left), at Fort MacArthur military base in San Pedro, CA.</p><br>
<p>Hostelling International USA (part of Hostelling International) maintains a 57 bed youth hostel in the refurbished military barracks of the reservation.</p><br>
<p>The Belmont Shore Model Railroad Club has occupied a barracks in Angels Gate Park since the 1980s. The Club has built and maintained an approximate 2500 square foot N-scale (1/160) model of 1950s Southern California railroading, from the Port to the San Joaquin Valley. The club is one of the oldest and largest permanent N-scale model railroads in the United States. The model railroad is open to the public during Open House weekends twice a year and on the second and third Tuesdays of the month.</p><br>
<p>Angels Gate Cultural Center is located In Angels Gate Park on the bluff of San Pedro overlooking the Pacific, with notable views of ocean, harbor and hills. The Center emerged in the 1970s from a group of San Pedro artists that created artist’s studio and exhibition space within the 1940-era Army barracks in Ft. MacArthur Upper Reservation. In 1977, San Pedro’s Angels Gate Park became a facility of the City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks, with the requirement that a cultural center be developed for the community. In 1982, the group of local artists expanded their endeavors as an artists’ community and in 1985 Angels Gate Cultural Center was granted non-profit status and a contract with the City of Los Angeles. In 2005, Angels Gate Cultural Center successfully negotiated a 30-year lease with the Department of Recreation and Parks. Today, the Cultural Center presents a year-round schedule of gallery exhibitions, classes and international residencies as well as provides quality, in-depth instruction in the visual and performing arts to students K-12 throughout the Harbor Region with their Artists in Classroom program. Professional artists teach all classes through ongoing classroom residencies. Angels Gate Cultural Center continues to provide professional work-studio space for 52 artists, including musicians, ceramists, painters, sculptors, writers, photographers, printmakers and jewelers.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Fort MacArthur Military Museum, located at the site of Battery Osgood-Farley, displays exhibits on the history of Fort MacArthur, its role in defending the Los Angeles area, American Pacific Theater military campaigns, and the role of Los Angeles as a military port.</p><br>
<p>Mount Murud or Muru  is a sandstone mountain located in Limbang Division, Sarawak, Malaysia At 2,424 m , it is the highest mountain in Sarawak.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Murud at the elevation of 2,424 m, is the highest mountain in Sarawak, located at the boundary between Miri and Limbang Division, in the Kelabit Highlands. It is a white-yellowish sandstone mountain, formed during the Miocene Epoch, extends for 4 km long, running in the ENE-WSW direction. Mount Murud has two highest points, with one point higher than the other by only 15 m.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first attempt to climb Mount Murud was made in 1914 by John Coney Moulton, curator of Sarawak State Museum but failed due to food shortage and killings of their native guides due to a Dayak invasion. He made a second attempt to climb the mountain in 1920 but failed again. The first successful ascent of Mount Murud was by a Swedish zoologist who was also a curator of Sarawak State Museum, Eric Mjöberg in October 1922. He spent six days at the summit of the mountain and collected various animal and plant species. His collections were documented by various authors in the third volume of Sarawak Museum Journal in 1928. Following this, his footsteps were followed by other botanical collectors in the 1960s and 1990s. During Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation, a Gurkha post was built at the summit. In the 1980s, a man from Bakelalan named Agung Bangau saw a vision to build a church there. A church was later built at a plateau on the mountain and the first prayer meeting was held in July 1985, attended by 600 people from the nearby villages of Bakelalan and Bario. Today, a village is built around the church completed with public amenities; receiving visitors around the world. It is regarded as a sacred mountain where smoking and alcoholic drinks are prohibited. Prayer meetings are held every two years by the Mount Murud Prayer Ministry. In 1995, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) organised an expedition to Mount Murud. During the expedition, a species of Vanilla orchid named Vanilla kinabaluensis, Rafflesia pricei, and slipper orchid Paphiopedilum were discovered. A total of 70 samples were collected by the UNIMAS expedition team.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>The UNIMAS expedition team defined the animal and plant species collected from 1,500 m to 1,800 m range above sea level as species originating from the Mount Murud; because specimens collected below this level can originate from the mountain surroundings. Mjöberg noted in 1925 that nine species of birds that were previously known as originated from Mount Kinabalu are also found at Mount Murud. This is supported by another evidence that 77% of Pteridophyte and 75% of orchids are common in both mountains. However, despite the close proximity of Mount Murud with Mount Mulu (65 km WSW of Mount Murud), both mountains have different summit flora. As of 1995, a total of 35 pteridophytes, 7 gymnosperms, 96 monocotyledons, and 207 dicotyledons were listed as summit flora of Mount Murud. Also Murud black slender toad Ansonia vidua is only known from this mountain.</p><br>
<p>Balloch Castle is an early 19th-century country house situated at the southern tip of Loch Lomond, in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland. Balloch was a property of the Lennox family from the 11th century, and the old castle was built in the 13th century. In the 19th century the estate was purchased by John Buchanan of Ardoch, who demolished the ruins of the old castle and erected the present building. The Tudor Gothic architecture is the work of Robert Lugar. In 1915 Balloch was bought by Glasgow City Corporation, and has been leased by West Dunbartonshire Council since 1975. The estate was designated as a country park in 1980, and since 2002 has been part of Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park. Although the house has been periodically used for visitor facilities and council offices, it is now included on the Buildings at Risk Register. Balloch Castle is a category A listed building, and the estate is included on the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The old castle</h3><br>
<p>The lands of Balloch were granted to the Lennox family in 1072 by King Malcolm III, forming part of the ancient earldom of Lennox. The earls of Lennox built the original Balloch Castle around 1238, and held it until approximately 1390. The earls afterwards moved their base to the island of Inchmurrin in Loch Lomond, where the remains of a late 14th-century castle can still be seen. Situated nearer the water than the present day castle, there are no standing remains, the earthworks can still be seen. An irregular mound, approximately 50 by, surrounded by a ditch up to 5 m across. This site is given statutory protection as a scheduled monument.</p><br>
<p>In the 15th century Balloch, along with the earldom of Lennox, came to the Stewarts of Darnley. It stayed in the Stewart family until 1652 when the 4th Duke of Lennox sold it to John Colquhoun of Luss.</p><br>
<h3>Balloch Castle</h3><br>
<p>The present castle was built as a residence in 1808–1809 at the order of John Buchanan of Ardoch (1761–1839), who had bought the estate in 1800. Buchanan was a Glasgow merchant, the son of Thomas Buchanan of Ardoch (died 1789). John Buchanan was involved in his fathers hat-making business, and also like his father was a partner in the Ship Bank, Glasgows oldest banking house, founded in 1749. He represented Dunbartonshire in parliament from 1821–1826.</p><br>
<p>The architect of the Tudor Gothic building was London-based Robert Lugar, who had designed the nearby Tullichewan Castle in 1792. The building&#39;s turrets and crenellations are purely decorative with no defensive value. The lancet windows, tracery, hoodmoulds and blind arrow-slits are all borrowings from earlier building styles. Although an unimaginative designer, at Balloch Lugar helped to introduce the asymmetrical, "picturesque" form of castellated house into Scotland. The new castle may incorporate stone from the earlier castle, or the fabric of an earlier building on the site. Buchanan established the parkland around the castle, including the planting of ornamental trees and imported shrubs.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>In 1830, Buchanan purchased the adjacent estate of Boturich, including a ruined castle 1 mi north of Balloch Castle. He again engaged Robert Lugar to rebuild the castle, which he then occupied, selling Balloch. The latter passed through several owners in the 19th century, including Mr Gibson Stott, who made further improvements to the parks, and the Denniston-Brown family.</p><br>
<p>The house has periodically been used to provide visitor facilities and offices, with past occupants including the Nature Conservancy Council and the local Countryside Ranger Service. By 2008 the building was in poor condition, and was added to the Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland. In January 2014, an application for listed building consent was lodged, to permit repairs to the now-disused structure. In February 2014 West Dunbartonshire Council announced a programme of repairs to preserve the building.</p><br>
<h2>Estate</h2><br>
<p>The castle grounds feature two main pleasure gardens, one to the north of the house including rhododendrons and azaleas that reach full bloom in late May and early June. To the south is a walled garden planted with flowers and shrubs, and surrounded by the second area of ornamental planting. Between these two areas, and sweeping down to the loch shore, is an area of grassed parkland with specimen trees. The whole is framed by ornamental and semi-natural woodlands. In 2001, a £2.3-million programme of works sought to restore the castle grounds, including the reopening of lost views and improved woodland management. Funding was provided by the Heritage Lottery Fund and Scottish Enterprise, as well as the council.</p><br>
<p>DeGray Lake is a reservoir on the Caddo River in Arkansas, 8 miles  from Arkadelphia. Arkansas Scenic Byway 7 is located on the eastern shore of the lake, and provides views of the lake, and also places to stay. DeGray Lake Resort State Park was opened in 1974 to encourage tourism and recreation on DeGray Lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>The documented history of the DeGray area dates back to AD 700 when the area was inhabited by the Caddo Indians. Hernando de Soto then came and explored this area in 1541, after discovering hot springs. The Caddo Indians&#39; way of life was changed forever when coming in contact with the Spanish explorers; the Indians were introduced to the horse. In the 18th century French fur trappers brought trade to the area with their extensive trapping methods. DeGray Lake was in fact named after a French fur trader, DeGraff, who settled this region. Several artifacts have been found near the dam site, and many have been brought to a local university, Henderson State University.</p><br>
<h3>Dam construction</h3><br>
<p>DeGray lake and dam were authorized by Congress in the River and Harbor Act of 1950. Congress passed the Water Supply Act of 1958, which provided for the inclusion of municipal and industrial water supply as one of the project purposes. Construction on the dam began in 1962 and was completed in 1972 at a cost of $63,800,000. A 40 MW hydraulic turbine and a 28 MW turbine generate electricity for the Southwestern Power Administration of Arkansas, Texas, and Oklahoma. DeGray dam impounds the waters of the Caddo River to form a flood control lake that covers 13,400 acre, and a shoreline of 207 mi.</p><br>
<p>Many of the long-time residents recall families in the area who were "bought out" in order to fill area behind the dam. Residents were offered money for their property, so that the lake could be built. The eventual damming of the Caddo River forced many people to move elsewhere in the area. Brick and concrete structures from former homesteads still stand on the bottom of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hazen is often called the northernmost lake of Canada, in the northern part of Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, but detailed maps show several smaller lakes up to more than 100 km farther north on Canadas northernmost island. Turnabout Lake is immediately northeast of the northern end of Hazen lake. Still further north are the Upper and Lower Lakes, with Upper Dumbell Lake 5.2 km southwest of Alert, Canadas northernmost settlement on the coast of Lincoln Sea, Arctic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The northeastern end of Lake Hazen is 118 km southwest of Alert. Lake Hazen is the world&#39;s largest lake north of the Arctic Circle by volume. By surface area, it is third largest, after Lake Taymyr in Russia and Lake Inari in Finland. Lake Hazen is 74 km long and up to 12 km wide, with an area of 537.5 km&sup2;. It stretches in a southwest-northeast direction from 81&deg;40&prime;N latitude, 72&deg;58&prime;W longitude to 81&deg;56&prime;N latitude, 68&deg;55&prime;W longitude. The lake is up to 269 m deep and has an estimated volume of 51.4 km. The shoreline is 185 km long and 158 m above sea level. It has several islands, the largest of them being Johns Island, which is 7 km long and less than 1 km wide, also extending in a southwest-northeast direction like the lake itself. Other islands include Gatter Island, Clay Island (both close to the northeastern shore), Whisler Island, and Dyas Island (both close to the southern shore). The lake is covered by ice about ten months a year. It is fed by glaciers from the surrounding Eureka Uplands (Palaeozoic rocks north of the lake, rising up to 2,500 m above sea level), most importantly Henrietta Nesmith and the Gilmour Glaciers, and drained by 15 km long Ruggles River which flows into Chandler Fjord on the northern east coast of Ellesmere Land. The lake is flanked by the Arctic Cordillera.</p><br>
<p>The area around the lake is a thermal oasis within a polar desert, with summer temperatures up to 20 &deg;C.</p><br>
<p>The lake is part of Quttinirpaaq National Park.</p><br>
<p>Artifacts of Thule civilization were discovered near Lake Hazen in 2004. Thule preceded the Inuit. In 1882, Augustus Greely discovered the lake during his expedition 1881-1883. Greely&#39;s base camp for the exploration was Fort Conger at the northeastern shore of Ellesmere Island, at 81&deg;44&prime;N latitude, 64&deg;44&prime;W longitude, which was established as part of the first International Polar Year. Greely named the lake in honor of general William Babcock Hazen, who had organized the expedition. Camp Hazen was established on the northern shore of the lake in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year (IGY), and has been used by various scientific parties since then.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hazen is populated by a larger and a smaller morphotype of Arctic char. Recent studies indicate they are not anadromous, though Inuit traditional knowledge states otherwise.</p><br>
<h2>Named Inflows</h2><br>
<p>All named rivers and creeks are listed in a clockwise manner, starting in the south:</p><br>
<p>At the southwestern end (from south to north):</p><br>
<p>Very River</p><br>
<p>Adams River</p><br>
<p>On the northwest coast (from southwest to northeast):</p><br>
<p>Turnstone River</p><br>
<p>Henrietta River</p><br>
<p>Ptarmigan Creek</p><br>
<p>Blister Creek</p><br>
<p>Skeleton Creek</p><br>
<p>Snow Goose River</p><br>
<p>Abbé River</p><br>
<p>Cuesta Creek</p><br>
<p>Mesa Creek</p><br>
<p>Gilman River</p><br>
<p>At the northeast end (from north to south):</p><br>
<p>Turnabout River</p><br>
<p>Salor Creek</p><br>
<p>On the southeast coast (only in the southwest, near the southwest end of the lake):</p><br>
<p>Cobb River</p><br>
<p>Traverse River</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Hikers can start their hiking trips at Lake Hazen itself, or from Tanquary Fiord warden station at Tanquary Fiord Airport 70 km southwest of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Kot Diji Fort , formally known as Fort Ahmadabad, is a 19th century Talpur-era fort located in the town of Kot Diji in Khairpur District, Pakistan about 25 miles east of the Indus River at the edge of the Thar Desert. The fort sits above a pre-Harappan Civilization archaeological site dating to 2500 to 2800 B.C.E.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The Kot Diji Fort was built by Mir Sohrab Khan Talpur, between 1785 and 1795. The site sits on a hill at the southern end of the Rohri Hills, and sits above a prehistoric mound of the same name, where remains of a pre-Harappan civilization have been found.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The fort sits atop a 110 foot tall high hill that rises above the city of Kot Diji. The fort&#39;s 30 foot tall walls encircle the uppermost portion of the fort, resulting a narrow-width fortress with perimeter of 1.8 kilometres. The fort contains three strategically placed towers that are each 50 feet tall. The fort contains several sites for cannon placement, and contains numerous inner passages for protection. The fort also contains a water reservoir, munition storage, prison, courtroom, numerous cells for security personnel, and a small regal residence.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Government of Pakistan has declared it a protected heritage site in Pakistan, though it has been noted that portions of the fort are under control of powerful local families.</p><br>
<p>The Karakoram Pass  is a 5,540 m mountain pass between India and China in the Karakoram Range. It is the highest pass on the ancient caravan route between Leh in Ladakh and Yarkand in the Tarim Basin. Karakoram literally means Black Gravel in Turkic.</p><br>
<p>Historically, the high altitude of the pass and the lack of fodder were responsible for the deaths of countless pack animals while the route was notorious for the trail of bones strewn along the way. There is an almost total absence of vegetation on the approaches to the pass.</p><br>
<p>Travelling south from the pass involved three days&#39; march across the barren Depsang Plains at about 5,300 m. To the north, the country was somewhat less desolate and involved travellers crossing the relatively easy and lower Suget Dawan (or Suget Pass) before reaching the lush grazing grounds around Shahidullah or Xaidulla in the upper valley of the Karakash River.</p><br>
<p>The pass is in a saddle between two mountains and about 45 m wide. There is no vegetation or icecap and it is generally free of snow due to the winds. Temperatures are low, there are often very high winds, blizzards are frequent, and the extreme altitude often took its toll. In spite of all this, the Karakoram Pass was considered a relatively easy pass due to the gradual ascent on both sides, and lack of summer snow and ice much of the year. Consequently, the pass was open throughout most of the year. There is no motorable road across the pass, and the pass currently remains closed to all traffic.</p><br>
<h2>Geopolitical issues</h2><br>
<p>The Karakoram pass falls on the boundary of Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and China (Xinjiang Autonomous Region).</p><br>
<p>It also plays a major geographic role in the dispute between Pakistan and India over control of the Siachen Glacier area immediately to the west of the pass. This situation arose from the Simla Agreement, signed in 1972 between India and Pakistan, when the treaty failed to specify the last 100 km or so of the cease-fire line from the end of the Line of Control to the border with China.</p><br>
<p>A potential China-India-Pakistan tripoint at Karakoram Pass is referenced in a 1963 boundary treaty between China and Pakistan concerning the Trans-Karakoram Tract, but India was not party to that treaty nor any tripoint agreement. The current de facto tripoint is about 100 km west of the pass near Indira Col in the Siachen Muztagh, where the Actual Ground Position Line between Indian and Pakistani forces meets the border with China.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Niah National Park, located within Miri Division, Sarawak, Malaysia, is the site of the Niah Caves limestone cave and archeological site. Niah National Park was 31.4 km² when it was gazetted in 1974. Nomination for status of the Niah Caves was sent to UNESCO in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The caves are thought to have been visited by Europeans in search of minerals, perhaps in the late 1840s, but no documentation is known. Alfred Russel Wallace is said to have learned about the caves during his 1855 expedition to (then much smaller) Sarawak: if so it was from his host at the Simunjan coal mine, Robert Coulson, who had worked in Labuan and explored its adjacent areas. Wallace subsequently recommended to Charles Darwin and the Royal Society that Coulson be appointed to explore the caves of Borneo as a potential site for discovering important hominid fossils; however, Alfred Hart Everett was chosen.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s and 1960s, Barbara and Tom Harrisson excavated the site and made significant discoveries. They discovered the Deep Skull in 1958.</p><br>
<p>Since then local universities and foreign scientists have continued the archaeological research, and many articles have been published in the Sarawak Museum Journal. The site has been re-excavated (1999–2003+) by The Niah Caves Project (NCP), a joint British-Malaysian expedition, to determine the accuracy of Harrisson&#39;s work.</p><br>
<h2>Niah Caves</h2><br>
<p>The main cave, Niah Great Cave, is located in Gunung Subis and is made up of several voluminous chambers with high ceilings. The Great Cave lies in a large limestone block, about a kilometre long in general north to south direction and about half a kilometre wide, that is detached from the main Gunung Subis complex, by a valley between about 150 to 200 meters wide. The main Gunung Subis complex rises to about 394 meters above sea level at its highest point. The whole "Gunung Subis Limestone Complex" lies some 17 kilometres inland from the South China Sea coast, near the town of Batu Niah and about 65 kilometres south west of the town Miri. It is roughly heart shaped measuring five kilometres from its northern tip to the south and four kilometres across. The Gunung Subis is surrounded by a low countryside with gentle hills from which the small limestone massif and its smaller detached blocks rise rather abruptly out of the jungle, some with cliffs over 100 metres high. Though it is not an extensive cave system compared to others in Sarawak, it has been estimated to cover some 10 hectares and the roof rises to about 75 metres above the cave floor in some places. In geological terms, the limestones are part of the Subis Formation. This is dated to some 20 to 16 million years ago during the Early Miocene.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The caves have been used by humans at different times ranging from the prehistory to neolithic, Chinese Sung-Era and more recent times.The Sarawak Museum began systematic archaeological work in the caves since 1954.</p><br>
<p>The cave is an important prehistorical site where human remains dating to 40,000 years have been found. This is the oldest recorded human settlement in east Malaysia. More recent studies published in 2006 have shown evidence of the first human activity at the Niah caves from ca. 46,000 to ca. 34,000 years ago. Painted Cave, situated in a much smaller limestone block of its own, some 150 metres from the Great Cave block&#39;s south eastern tip, has rock paintings dated as 1,200 years old. Archeologists have claimed a much earlier date for stone tools found in the Mansuli valley, near Lahad Datu in Sabah, but precise dating analysis has not yet been published.</p><br>
<p>Items found at Niah Cave include Pleistocene chopping tools and flakes, Neolithic axes, adzes, pottery, shell jewellery, boats, mats, then iron tools and ceramics and glass beads dating to the Iron Age. The most famous find is the human skull dated at around 38,000 years BCE.</p><br>
<p>Painted Cave has paintings and wooden coffin death ships.</p><br>
<h2>Current activities</h2><br>
<p>The caves are also well known for the birds&#39; nest (Swiftlet) industry. They are a popular tourist destination in Sarawak. Every section of the ceiling in the caves where there are birds roosting is privately owned and only the owner has the right to collect the nests. Collection is done half-yearly (usually in January and in June). The collector climbs up hundreds of feet on a single pole to the cave ceiling and scrapes off the nest in flickering candlelight.</p><br>
<p>Kayaköy, anciently known as Lebessos and Lebessus  and later pronounced as Livissi  is a village 8 km south of Fethiye in southwestern Turkey in the old Lycia province. Anatolian Greeks inhabited the province until approximately 1922 when they either perished or fled to Greece. The townspeople were subsequently barred from returning by the 1923 Population exchange between Greece and Turkey. The ghost town, now preserved as a museum village, consists of hundreds of rundown but still mostly standing Greek-style houses and churches which cover a small mountainside and serve as a stopping place for tourists visiting Fethiye and nearby Ölüdeniz.</p><br>
<p>Its population in 1900 was about 2,000, almost all Greek Orthodox Christians; however, it is now empty except for tour groups and roadside vendors selling handmade goods. However, there is a selection of houses which have been restored, and are currently occupied.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Livissi was built probably in the 18th century on the site of the ancient city of Lebessus, a town of ancient Lycia. Lycian tombs can be found in the village and at Gokceburun, north of the village.</p><br>
<p>Lebessus is mentioned as a Christian bishopric in the Notitia Episcopatuum of Pseudo-Epiphanius composed under the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius in about 640, and in the similar early 10th-century document attributed to Emperor Leo VI the Wise, as a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Myra, the capital of the Roman province of Lycia, to which Lebessus belonged. Since it is no longer a residential bishopric, Lebessus is listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.</p><br>
<p>Livissi is probably the place where the inhabitants of Byzantine Gemiler Island fled to protect themselves from pirates. It experienced a renewal after nearby Fethiye (known as Makri) was devastated by an earthquake in 1856 and a major fire in 1885. More than 20 churches and chapels were built in the village and the plain (Taxiarhes - the Upper church - and Panayia Pyrgiotissa - the lower church - St. Anna, St. George, etc.). Most of them are still standing in ruinous or semi-ruinous condition. The village population was over 6.000 people, according to Greek and Ottoman sources.</p><br>
<p>At the ending of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), Kayaköy was already completely abandoned. The persecutions of Livissi inhabitants as well as Greeks of nearby Makri (Fethiye) was a result of the expansion of Greek territory into Ottoman ruled lands. The persecutions in the area started in 1914 in Makri. In 1916, a letter in Greek addressed to Sir Alfred Biliotti, the Consul General of Great Britain at Rhodes, explained the murders and persecution of Livissi and Macri Greeks who asked him for intervention. Unfortunately, the letter was intercepted at Livissi by Turkish authorities. Later that same year, many families of Levissi were deported and driven on foot to Denizli, around 220 km away. There, they suffered various extreme atrocities and tortures, facing even death.</p><br>
<p>Two more exile phases followed in 1917 and 1918. In 1917, families were sent in villages near Denizli, such as Acıpayam, through forced march of fifteen days, consisting mainly of the elderly, women and children, who had remained in the area. During that death march, the roads were strewn with bodies of dead children and the elderly who succumbed to hunger and fatigue. The exiles of the next year were no less harsh. In September 1922, the few remaining Greeks of Livissi and Makri abandoned their homes and embarked on ships to Greece. Some of them founded Nea Makri (New Makri) in Attica.</p><br>
<p>Many of the abandoned buildings were damaged in the 1957 Fethiye earthquake.</p><br>
<h2>Kayaköy today</h2><br>
<p>Today Kayaköy village serves as a museum and is a historical monument. Around 500 houses remain as ruins and are under the protection of the Turkish government, including two Greek Orthodox Churches, which remain the most important sites of the ghost town. There is a private museum on the history of the town. In the middle of the village stands a fountain that dates from the seventeenth century.</p><br>
<p>There is mention in many sources that Kayaköy was adopted by UNESCO as a World Friendship and Peace Village. This appears to be a myth. There is no mention of Kayaköy on the UNESCO website, and no trace of the term "World Friendship and Peace Village" can be found either.</p><br>
<p>On 9 September 2014, the Turkish government announced plans to develop the village. It plans to offer a 49-year lease that will "partially open Kayaköy&#39;s archeological site to construction" and anticipated "construction of a hotel, as well as tourist facilities that will encompass one-third of the village."</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Villagers were mostly professional craftsmen. Currently the most important economic factor of the place is tourism. It is envisaged that the village will be partially restored.</p><br>
<h2>Inspiration</h2><br>
<p>Kayaköy is presumed to be the inspiration behind "Eskibahçe", the imaginary village chosen by Louis de Bernières as the setting of his 2004 novel Birds Without Wings.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, Kayaköy also took centre stage in the closing scenes of Russell Crowe&#39;s film The Water Diviner.</p><br>
<p>The Arauca River  rises in the Andes Mountains of north-central Colombia and ends at the Orinoco in Venezuela. For part of its run it is the boundary between Colombia and Venezuela. The major city on its banks is Arauca, Colombia and El Amparo, Venezuela.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Arauca is typical of the rivers that flow east across the Llanos Orientales starting as a swift mountain stream and becoming wider and slower as it crosses the plains. It starts high in the Andes, in the Páramo del Almorzadero at over 4,000 m above sea level. Initially it is called the Chitagá, it receives inflows from the Carabo and the Cacota, and then twists its course towards the east joining with the Culaga and the Bochaga. At which point its name changes to the Margua. The Negro, the Colorado and the San Lorenzo then flow into it. From the right bank come the Cubugón and the Cobar from the Sierra Nevada de Chita. In this stretch the Tunebo Indians call the river the Sarare. Now flowing across a flat zone, it divides to form the Charo Island. Serving as the demarcation line between Colombia and Venezuela for 296 km of border, on the right side the rivers Royata, Bojabá and Banadía flow in, whereas on the left the Cutufí river enters. From this point it takes the name Arauca in tribute to the Araucana tribe who inhabited the mountain ranges of the upper course and belonged to the great Arawak family. Now in the savannas of the Llanos Orientales it often becomes a braided river with the main course splitting to form the subsidiary channels, such as the one called Agua Limón. Various subsidiary channels are extensively used for transportation from the town of Arauca down to its mouth on the Orinoco. The course of the river is 80 percent navigable in small boats.</p><br>
<p></p><br>
<p>Mount Judi (الجوديّ, קרדו, Cûdî, ܩܪܕܘ, Cudi), also spelled Guti and Kutu, according to very Early Christian and Islamic tradition (based on the Quran, Hud:44), is Noahs apobaterion or "Place of Descent", the location where the Ark came to rest after the Great Flood.</p><br>
<p>The Quranic tradition is similar to the Judeo-Christian legend. The identification of Mount Judi as the landing site of the ark persisted in Syriac and Armenian tradition throughout Late Antiquity but was abandoned for the tradition equating the biblical location with the highest mountain of the region, Mount Ararat.</p><br>
<p>Jewish Babylonian, Syriac, and Islamic traditions identify Mount Judi or Qardu as a peak near the town of Jazirat ibn Umar (modern Cizre), at the headwaters of the Tigris, near the modern Syrian–Turkish border. Arab historian Al-Masudi (d. 956), reported that the spot where the ark came to rest could be seen in his time. Al-Masudi locates Jabal Judi at 80 parasangs from the Tigris.</p><br>
<p>Mount Judi was historically located in the province of Corduene, in south of Lake Van.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The relation of some of the spellings is clear.</p><br>
<p>The origin of Judi is less clear. It is usually interpreted as a corrupted version of the same name, via al-gurdi (Reynolds 2004).</p><br>
<p>The proposal that the two names are ultimately the same was first advanced by the English Orientalist George Sale in his translation of the Quran published in 1734. Sales footnote reads:</p><br>
<p>Sale goes on to say that there was once a famous Christian monastery on the mountain, but that this was destroyed by lightning in the year 776 AD, following which</p><br>
<h2>Christian tradition</h2><br>
<p>The Syrians of the east Tigris had a legend of the ark resting on the Djûdi mountain in the land of Corduene (Kard, Korchayk, Carduchoi). This legend may in origin have been independent of the Genesis account of Noahs flood, rooted in the more general Near Eastern flood legends, but following Christianization of the Syrians, from about the 2nd century AD, it became associated with the Mountains of Ararat where Noah landed according to Genesis, and from Syria also this legend also spread to the Armenians. The Armenians did not traditionally associate Noahs landing site with Mount Ararat, known natively as Masis, but until the 11th century continued to associate Noah&#39;s ark with Mount Judi.</p><br>
<p>It is to be noted, the biblical Ararat is thought be a variation of Urartu, an ancient term for the region north of ancient Assyria which encompasses the Armenian plateau.</p><br>
<p>According to Josephus, the Armenians in the 1st century showed the remains of Noahs ark at a place called αποβατηριον "Place of Descent" (Նախիջեւան, Nakhichevan, Ptolemys Ναξουανα), about 60 miles southeast of the summit of Mount Ararat (ca. 39.07&deg; latitude, 45.08&deg; longitude).</p><br>
<p>The "mountains of Ararat" in Genesis have become identified in later (medieval) Christian tradition with the peak now known as Mount Ararat itself, a volcanic massif on the border between Turkey and Armenia and known in Turkish as "Agri Dagh" (Ağrı Dağı).</p><br>
<h2>Islamic tradition</h2><br>
<p>The Quranic account of the Flood and Noahs Ark agrees with that given in Genesis, with a few variations. One of these concerns the final resting place of the Ark: according to Genesis, the Ark grounded on the "mountains of Ararat". According to Surah 11:44 of the Quran, the final resting place of the vessel was called "Judi", without the word "mountain". However, the use of Arabic definite letter "Al" in front of word Judi in the Quran signifies that it is pointing to a definite place (or mountain, in this case). Has it been referring to a general height, it would have been just "Judi", not "Al-Judi". §</p><br>
<p>The 9th century Arab geographer Ibn Khordadbih identified the location of mount Judi as being in the land of Assyria (Al-Akrad), and the Abbasid historian Abu al-Hasan Alī al-Masūdī (c. 896-956) recorded that the spot where it came to rest could be seen in his time. Masudi also said that the Ark began its voyage at Kufa in central Iraq, and sailed to Mecca, where it circled the Kaaba, before finally travelling to Judi. Yaqut al-Hamawi, also known as Al-Rumi, placed the mountain "above Jazirat ibn Umar, to the east of the Tigris" and mentioned a mosque built by Noah that could be seen in his day, and the traveller Ibn Battuta passed by the mountain in the 14th century.</p><br>
<h2>Searches for Mount Judi</h2><br>
<p>In the 1980s, adventurer and self-styled archaeologist Ron Wyatt and his colleague David Fasold claimed to have discovered Noah&#39;s Ark at Durupınar, some twenty miles from Mt. Ararat near a mountain locals called Cudi Dağı. Fasold later vacillated on the claim.</p><br>
<p>The description of medieval geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi matches exactly a 2089 m peak north of Silopi, that is now called Jabal Judi or Judi Dagh by Muslims and Gardu by Christians and Jews.</p><br>
<p>The Judith Mountains are located in central Montana in Fergus County just to the northeast of Lewistown, Montana.</p><br>
<p>Judith Peak is the highest summit of this range, with an elevation of 6,428 ft.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>To the southeast of Judith Peak lies the remains of Fort Maginnis. Fort Maginnis was built in 1880 to protect the cattle ranches, the gold mining camps in and around the Judith Mountains and the Carroll Trail. The fort was constructed following the battle of the Little Bighorn.</p><br>
<p>In 1879, Granville Stuart and his friend Samuel T. Hauser along with Helena banker Andrew J. Davis established the Davis, Hauser and Stuart (DHS) cattle company. Stuart was made the general manager of the DHS brand and Stuart located the ranch headquarters on 800 acre on the southern slopes of the Judith Mountains near Flat Willow Creek. The DHS Ranch was one of the largest open range cattle operations in the Central Montana prairie in the 1880s.</p><br>
<h2>Mining and geology</h2><br>
<p>The geology of the range includes limestone, sandstone, and siltstone of Cambrian to Cretaceous age which were intruded by alkaline intrusives of monzonite, syenite to tinguaite composition of Cretaceous to Tertiary age. Epithermal gold and silver veins are found along the intrusive contacts.</p><br>
<p>The mountains were the center of gold and silver mining in the 1800s and current exploration continues. The old mining camps of Maiden and Gilt Edge were built during the mining boom in the 1880s and 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The Mission Mountains or Mission Range are a range of the Rocky Mountains located in northwestern Montana in the United States. They lie chiefly in Lake County and Missoula County and are south and east of Flathead Lake and west of the Swan Range. On the east side of the range is the Swan River |Swan</p><br>
<p>River Valley and on the west side the Mission Valley.</p><br>
<p>The highest point in the Mission Mountains is McDonald Peak 9,820 ft. The range is named for its proximity to the Jesuit St. Ignatius Mission established in the mid-19th century in what is today St. Ignatius, Montana.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Mission Mountains are composed largely of what is called "Belt Rock" from the Belt Supergroup. The sedimentary rocks in this group formed between 1.47 and 1.4 billion years ago in the Belt Basin. The roughly circular basin collected sediments from surrounding areas for millions of years. The basin was eventually buried and later re-exposed through the collision of several tectonic plates around 80 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>Much of the Belt Rock found in the Mission Mountains is a crumbly sedimentary rock known as mudstone. The mudstone in the Belt supergroup is often characterized by mudcracks, which points to it being formed while wet, drying, cracking then and being repeatedly flooded with new wet material that also dried and cracked.</p><br>
<p>Most of the rock in the Mission Mountains hails from the end of the Proterozoic Eon, towards the end of what is called Precambrian time. Because they are so old, the only evidence of life in the rocks are algae blooms and very basic plant fossils. These organisms played, however, the important role of converting carbon dioxide in the water into oxygen that was pumped into the acidic and poorly oxygenated atmosphere.</p><br>
<p>The color of the mudstone in the Missions has much to do with the presence of the mineral hematite during the its formation. Hematite is formed by iron particles&#39; reaction to oxygen in the atmosphere. Green and gray stones found in the Missions were most likely formed in deep water, the red in more shallow water. Ripple marks can be found in much of the rock; they would have formed mostly in shallow water with gentle waves.</p><br>
<h3>Uplift</h3><br>
<p>The features of the Mission Mountains strongly reflect work of the last few ice ages, the latest of those being just over 10,000 years ago. But the range is also the product of a much longer story, one that can be started with the breakup of the Pangaea supercontinent. As the continents began to spread out, the North American Plate inched westward, grinding over and against the Pacific Plate as it went. This subduction of the Pacific Plate caused the rise of the Rocky Mountains and thereby the Missions.</p><br>
<p>About 66 million years ago, this process of uplift began to slow. This time, called the Cenozoic Era, is when the area began to look much like it does today. Looking at the globe at that time, the continents would have been about where they are today and plant and animal life would be recognizable. At that time, however, the deep valleys of western Montana would not yet have formed.</p><br>
<p>This development is believed to have come about 40 million years ago as the extensional forces that cause the uplift of the Rockies began to cause the crust to thin and crack. Near-vertical faults formed almost uniformly throughout the region, most trending northwest to southeast. The blocks then broke up, some dropping and creating valleys like the Flathead and the Swan. In all, the whole process took around 100 million years.</p><br>
<h3>Pleistocene glaciation</h3><br>
<p>Three million years ago, at the end of the Cenozoic Era, western Montana would have been full of tall mountains, but it was the next geologic process that made them what they are today. Large glaciers began to form in the area 2–3 million years ago; this was the beginning of the Pleistocene Epoch. Since then, ending just 10,000 years ago, the Mission Mountains and their surroundings were shaped by water.</p><br>
<p>The formation of the Flathead Lobe of the Alberta Cordilleran ice sheet is what set this history into motion. At its thickest points, the Flathead Lobe glacier may have extended 4,000 feet above the valley floor. The glacier reached hundreds of miles down the Rocky Mountain Trench, ending as far south as St. Ignatius, Montana.</p><br>
<p>A view of the area at that time would have been majestic, with large glaciers flowing around both sides and partially over the range. Smaller glaciers would have also flowed out of the mountains and joined the larger one in the valley. This explains the southward pointed hook-shaped ridges at the end of each canyon in the range.</p><br>
<p>These processes also gave the Mission Mountains their distinct shapes. The many three-sided peaks, called horns or pyramidal peaks, and the knife-like ridges of the southern half of the range are results of the heavy mountain glaciation. The northern half of the range was largely rolled over by the Flathead Lobe, which was much like a huge moving ice sheet. This led to the shorter, more rounded features of the northern half of the range.</p><br>
<p>The Pleistocene was a time of dramatic and quick sculpting in the Mission Mountains. And though that epoch has ended, the erosion continues. Rain, snow, ice, wind and other forces continue to work at the alpine landscape of the Missions.</p><br>
<h2>Human History</h2><br>
<p>Recorded human contact with the Mission Mountains began with the native peoples thousands of years ago and runs up to the present. The Salish and Kootenai people have traditionally used the mountains as a place for fishing, hunting, berry-picking and for performing sacred ceremonies.</p><br>
<p>The first major outside attention to the Mission Mountains came in the 1920s. Forest service employee Theodore Shoemaker led several parties of visitors thorough the range between 1922 and 1924, one of which included members of the Great Pacific Railway Company, which owned a great deal of land in the range. On a 1923 trip Shoemaker triangulated the locations of several peaks, which led to the first map of the high country.</p><br>
<p>The first major protective action for the Mission Range came on October 21, 1931 when 67,000 acres of land along the east side of the Mission Divide was classified as the Mission Mountains Primitive Area. The Great Pacific Railway Company owned 30 percent of this land at the time of the classification, which was exchanged over the course of years for other land in the Flathead National Forest.</p><br>
<p>Further stories about the Mission Mountains and the surrounding area can be found in the local books, In the Shadows of the Missions and Indian Trails and Grizzly Tales.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking and Recreation</h2><br>
<p>As most of the Mission Mountains fall under special protection, land use is limited largely to recreation.</p><br>
<p>The best time to hike in the Mission Mountains is between the beginning of July and October. Winter ends late in the high country and even in the beginning of July hikers will often find high passes and lakes snow-covered and wet. Snow starts to fly as early as October and hiking season is over by the end of the month. Winter recreation is best in the spring months. June is wet, but between February and May one can do some great winter camping, snowshoeing and skiing.</p><br>
<p>Hikers unfamiliar with the range should know that only a few of its hikes are "easy". The terrain, especially in the south is very steep and trails are not always kept clear. If you leave the trail and start scaling the rocks you will find out quickly that 1.5-billion-year-old mudstone is very brittle and not a very reliable handhold. Climb around with caution. In the daytime it can be very hot, but nights are very cold, so pack accordingly. Though the Missions aren&#39;t huge, it is always a good idea to bring a map. The USGS topographic maps of the area are available at local sporting goods stores and not a bad thing to have in your pack.</p><br>
<p>Because the range is a protected wilderness area, motorized trail bikes, motorcycles, three- and four-wheelers, snowmobiles, hang-gliders and mountain bikes are not permitted. Getting caught with one will result in a ticket.</p><br>
<p>The range has about 45 miles of official trails. Experienced hikers can, however, break off onto the plethora of game and Indian trails that often cut through the rougher terrain. Horses can be taken used on most official and some other trails, but Missions are a rough and before riding in the Missions riders should consult local experts. People wishing to take horses into the range need to consult the Flathead National Forest requirements, which include hay restrictions and other rules.</p><br>
<p>Non-tribal members passing through land belonging to the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes are required to carry a valid tribal lands-usage permit, which can easily be obtained at local sporting goods stores. The pass is good for one year and allows access to the Mission Mountains, stretches of the Flathead River, among others.</p><br>
<h2>Protected Areas</h2><br>
<p>The Mission Mountains have several overlapping protection areas. Much of the Mission Mountain Range is falls under the management of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation.</p><br>
<p>Most of the range is also part of the Flathead National Forest, under which the Mission Mountains Wilderness is designated as a wilderness area. The wilderness area is in the Swan Lake Ranger District. The 73,877 acre wilderness was designation on Jan. 4, 1975 and is managed under the Wilderness Act of 1964.</p><br>
<p>The southern end of the Mission Mountains includes a large grizzly bear protection area which is usually closed to hikers from July thru September. This allows the bears to feed on lady bugs and cut worms, and attempts to keep bear-human contact to a minimum.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The Mission Mountains have a wide range of flora and fauna. Mule deer, elk, white-tailed deer, mountain goats, moose, black bears, grizzly bears, coyote, wolverine, lynxs, bobcats and mountain lions have all been spotted in the range.</p><br>
<p>Smaller animals found in the Missions include hoary marmots, yellow-bellied marmots, snowshoe rabbit, pica, chipmunk, squirrel, porcupine, muskrat, badger, skunk, beaver, marten, weasel, and mink.</p><br>
<p>Western Montana&#39;s famous huckleberry is also found all over the slopes of the Mission Mountains in the mid-to-late summer. They are a favorite for hikers and grizzly bears alike.</p><br>
<p>The most common trees found in the range are the ponderosa pine, western red cedar, douglas fir, western larch, western white pine, lodgepole pine, limber pine, whitebark pine, Engelmann spruce, alpine fir, grand fir, western larch, quaking aspen, alder, and Rocky Mountain maple. Cedars most often grow in the creek bottoms while others are spread throughout the landscape.</p><br>
<p>Up in the higher reaches of the Missions one finds the alpine larch. Found between the elevations of about 6,500 feet-7,000 feet this tough little tree can be found all over the range, twisted and tangled along high ridges and surrounding its peaks.</p><br>
<h2>Notable features</h2><br>
<p>A few major peaks in the Mission Mountains include: Daughter-of-the-Sun Mountain, Flat-Top, Glacier Peak, Gray Wolf Peak, Kakashe Mountain, McDonald Peak, Mount Calowahcan (formally Mt. Harding), Mountaineer Peak, Sonyelm, and West and East St. Mary&#39;s Peaks.</p><br>
<p>Lakes found in the range include: Ashley Lakes, Cold Lakes, Lake of the Stars, Lost Sheep Lake, Lucifer Lake, McDonald Lake (reservoir), Mud Lakes, Mullman Lakes, Rainbow Lake, Schwarz Lake, Summit Lake, and Terrace Lake, among others.</p><br>
<p>Chew Magna Reservoir is a small reservoir on the western outskirts of the village of Chew Magna, Somerset, England. It lies just north of the B3130 Winford Road.</p><br>
<p>This 5 acre reservoir was created in the 1930s, damming Winford brook, to supply water for villages in the Chew Valley. It is owned and managed by Bristol Water.</p><br>
<p>Chew Magna reservoir provides fly fishing for stocked brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha fario) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Rainbows can be fished all year. Parking is close to the lake and there are many stagings erected around the lake.</p><br>
<p>In 2011 the reservoir emptied following a long period without sustained rainfall. Staff from Bristol Water rescued the trout and transferred them to the nearby Chew Valley Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Reservoir</h2><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Armenoi  is a village and former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Apokoronas, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 55.292 km&sup2;. The seat of the municipality of Armenoi is in the village of Kalyves, although the police have their base in the village of Armenoi.</p><br>
<p>Armenoi is located inland from Kalyves on the north coast of the island, at the mouth of Souda Bay. A relatively large village, it lies on good agricultural land in the Apokoronas, with groves of avocado, orange and olives around. The village has two large tavernas of good reputation, a grill in summer months and a kafenion, as well as a butcher and general store. The village is shaded by platania trees (Oriental Plane) and the Kiliaris river. The church of Ag. Nikolaos is large and imposing, giving an air of wealth to the village.</p><br>
<p>The Causeway Islands  are four small islands by the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal. They are linked to the mainland via a causeway, made from rock extracted during the excavations from the Panama Canal. In part the causeway was meant to serve as a breakwater for the entrance.</p><br>
<p>A two-lane road runs along the causeway to each island, and there is a bicycle/jogging path as well.</p><br>
<p>The islands are as follows:</p><br>
<p>*Naos - home to a research lab run by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI).</p><br>
<p>*Culebra</p><br>
<p>*Perico</p><br>
<p>*Flamenco</p><br>
<p>During World War II, fortifications were constructed on the islands to protect the canal but were never used. They have since been dismantled, but bulwarks and empty gun emplacements still exist.</p><br>
<p>Launch facilities are used by pilots boarding ships entering the Panama Canal from these islands.</p><br>
<p>Manuel Noriega built a private house on one of the islands, which was destroyed and looted during his ouster.</p><br>
<p>Since control of the islands reverted to Panama (they had previously been part of the Canal Zone), there has been considerable development along the causeway and edges of the islands, including port facilities, marinas, shopping, and restaurants. Away from their perimeters, the hilly islands still contain isolated maritime jungle, though they are threatened by continued development.</p><br>
<p>Green Springs National Historic Landmark District is a national historic district in Louisa County, Virginia noted for its concentration of fine rural manor houses and related buildings in an intact agricultural landscape. The district comprises 14,000 acre of fertile land, contrasting with the more typical poor soil and scrub pinelands surrounding it.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The district is located 1.5 miles (2 km) north of Interstate 64 from exit No. 136, "Zion Crossroads." The district is roughly bounded by USA Route 15 and Virginia Routes 22 and 613. The area is named for a natural spring noted by Thomas Jefferson as possessing "some medicinal virtue." The district features a mixture of wooded and farmed lands. Its distinguishing geological feature is the presence of a heavy clay soil that retains plant nutrients and moisture, creating an open landscape suitable for farming. The area is noted for its park-like views, particularly from USA Route 15.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The district was preserved following attempts by the state of Virginia to build a prison there, and after a strip mine was proposed in the area to mine clay for cat litter.</p><br>
<p>The strip mine happened anyway ( of the area clearly show the destruction caused by the mine) but not on the scale that was intended originally and a great many significant houses and lands continue to be preserved and excluded from the development that is transforming some of the area around the district.</p><br>
<h2>National Register properties</h2><br>
<p>Significant places listed individually on the National Register of Historic Places include:</p><br>
<p>Boswell&#39;s Tavern, an important meeting place during the American Revolution and a well-preserved example of a Colonial-era tavern.</p><br>
<p>Grassdale, an Italianate villa built in 1861 by the Morris family, later home of Rear Admiral David W. Taylor and his wife Imogene Morris Taylor.</p><br>
<p>Green Springs, a late 18th-century house built by the Morris family near the springs that lent their name to the district.</p><br>
<p>Hawkwood, an Italianate villa designed by prominent New York architect Alexander Jackson Davis for Richard Overton Morris, completed in 1855, gutted by fire in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Ionia, a late 18th-century 1-1/2 story frame house, original seat of the Watson family</p><br>
<p>Westend, a temple-fronted plantation house with extant dependencies, built by the Morris family.</p><br>
<h2>Major historic properties</h2><br>
<p>Major historic properties in the district include:</p><br>
<p>Barton House is an early 19th-century 1-1/2-story frame house built by the Barton family.</p><br>
<p>Belle Monte is a Federal style two-story house built in the early 18th** century and enlarged in both the 19th and 20th century. (**The Historic American Buildings Survey listed the house built in the 19th century but pulled that data from a National Historic Register Nomination Form filled out in error) There are multiple historic references to the original builder of the house and family being born at the residence prior to the 1790s as well as land transfers predating the 1780s and a reference to Belle Monte in a letter from Thomas Jefferson. Lafayette stayed at and used the house as a recuperative hospital for his soldiers. There is definite precedence that places the original structure in the early to mid-1700s. Belle Monte is in close proximity to Boswell&#39;s Tavern and built in the same era.</p><br>
<p>Berea Baptist Church is an 1857 Gothic Revival church established in 1795.</p><br>
<p>Brackets is a two-story frame house built about 1800.</p><br>
<p>Corduroy is a circa 1850 two-story frame house with a hipped roof and a single-story entrance portico.</p><br>
<p>Eastern View is a two-story frame house with a hipped roof and Moorish-style porches, built in 1856.</p><br>
<p>Galway is a two-story frame house with a hipped roof and a balustraded Tuscan porch. Its eaves feature a scalloped cornice.</p><br>
<p>Kenmuir is a -story frame house built about 1855. The house shows Gothic Revival influence with its lancet windows in the gables.</p><br>
<p>Oakleigh is a two-story late 19th century frame house with a bracketed cornice and a full-width veranda on the front featuring sawn detailing.</p><br>
<p>Prospect Hill is an 18th-century house that was progressively enlarged in the 19th and 20th centuries. The two-story frame house features a two-level porch on two sides, along with dependent structures.</p><br>
<p>Quaker Hill is a small one-story frame house dating to circa 1820.</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Chapel located at the intersection of Route 640 (East Jack Jouett Road) and Route 617 (East Green Springs Road) in Louisa County. The chapel was completed in 1888.</p><br>
<p>Sylvania was built in 1746 by the Morris family. The two-story frame house has a hipped roof with a cross gable, with wings to either side and an ell to the rear. Sylvania was extensively damaged by a tornado on October 13, 2011, which blew the roof off the house.</p><br>
<p>Westlands is an Italianate two-story brick house, built around 1856.</p><br>
<h2>Other properties</h2><br>
<p>Other historic properties include:</p><br>
<p>Ashleigh is a 1900 frame house of two stories with a large veranda.</p><br>
<p>Aspen Hill is a two-story late-19th century frame house with a lancet gable window.</p><br>
<p>Fair Oaks is a two-story frame house built about 1900 with an Ionic Classical Revival veranda.</p><br>
<p>Green "K" Acres (Oakleigh) is a late 19th-century two-story frame house with a veranda.</p><br>
<p>Hard Bargain is a Stick Style two-story frame house with an irregular plan and a veranda.</p><br>
<p>Hill House is a 1918 two-story frame house.</p><br>
<p>Midloch is a circa 1900 two-story frame house with paneled chimneys and a large veranda.</p><br>
<p>Mill View is a -story frame house dating to the late 18th century, with a two-story addition.</p><br>
<p>Peers House is an 1857 two-story frame house with a hipped roof and a cross gable. A second Peers House was built in the late 19th century with sawn ornament on its two-story porch.</p><br>
<p>Sunny Banks is an 1888 two-story Queen Anne Victorian frame house featuring foundation to roof front bay windows.</p><br>
<p>Sunny View was built about 1900. It is a two-story frame house with a large veranda.</p><br>
<p>The district also includes the village of Poindexter at the intersection of Virginia Routes 613 and 640.</p><br>
<h2>Status</h2><br>
<p>On May 30, 1974 the district was declared a National Historic Landmark. On December 12, 1977, the United States Secretary of the Interior agreed to accept preservation easements for nearly half of the 14,004 acre in the district. These allow the NPS to own development rights to the land, and to ensure its continuing rural and agricultural nature. The district is an affiliated area of Shenandoah National Park. The National Park Service does not provide any facilities in the district.</p><br>
<p>Stony Clove Notch is a narrow pass, roughly 2,220 feet  in elevation located in the Town of Hunter in Greene County, New York, deep in the Catskill Mountains. It is traversed by New York State Route 214, although in the past the Ulster and Delaware Railroad went through it as well.</p><br>
<p>The notch divides Hunter and Plateau mountains. There is just enough room for the road, and the steep, soaring slopes of both mountains are some of the Catskills most striking scenery, with landslides and rocky cliffs visible. It sits at one end of the range of mountains known as the Devils Path, and early visitors found it a terrifying place to visit.</p><br>
<p>Today it is a popular destination not only for tourists in the region but for outdoor recreationists as well. One of the Catskills&#39; major hiking trails crosses the road near the notch, and ice climbers and snowboarders have lately been attracted to the cliffs and slopes in winter.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Natural origins</h3><br>
<p>Stony Clove Notch was created during the end of the last Ice Age, when meltwater that had accumulated in what is now the Schoharie headlands to the north of the notch gradually began eroding its way through the gap between the mountains, eventually becoming the Stony Clove Creek</p><br>
<h3>Human use</h3><br>
<p>When the first Europeans were taken through the notch, it was narrow enough that not only was travel through it possible only on foot, those travelers had to go through in single. As painter and writer Charles Lanman said in the 1840s:</p><br>
<p>Catskill historian Alf Evers suggests that those interested in getting an idea of what Stony Clove Notch was like before the construction of the roads visit nearby Diamond Notch, where it is still possible to put one foot on Southwest Hunter Mountain and another on West Kill Mountain.</p><br>
<p>A few years later, at great expense, the route through the notch was widened to allow enough room for a single wagon by Charles Edwards, a local tanner. Later excavations allowed the Stony Clove and Catskill Mountain Railroad to build a narrow gauge rail line through the gap. It was later upgraded to standard gauge and used until 1940, with a flagstop Stony Clove Notch Railroad Station located nearby. The railbed remains visible in the woods to the east almost all the way to the height of land.</p><br>
<p>The Stoney Clove Turnpike was a private company that incorporated in 1873 to upgrade and improve the existing wagon road. It eventually became today&#39;s Route 214.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The notch divides the Schoharie and Esopus watersheds.</p><br>
<p>The approach from the Schoharie to the north, where the two mountains can be seen from 214s junction with Route 23A, is characterized by a steady upward climb after the creek has been crossed, the two mountains seeming more and more immense until they just about swallow the road. Evers recommends coming this way when thunderstorms are brewing to the south if one wishes to understand attitudes such as Lanmans. "Lightning and thunder will be tossed back and forth from one mountain to the other," he writes. "And it will not be hard for a man with a normal amount of imagination to put himself in the place of his ancestors and see the Stony Clove transformed into the very gates of Hell."</p><br>
<p>From the south, via Phoenicia, the approach up Stony Clove has less drama, since Hunter and Plateau are not visible until the notch is considerably closer. However, it offers much sylvan scenery, winding along Stony Clove Creek as it gradually gets higher and higher. Finally, at the Devil&#39;s Tombstone public campground it straightens out and the notch becomes apparent as it sweeps by Notch Pond and up to the height of land.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The notch is noteworthy as one of the few locations in the Catskills where boreal forest occurs below 3,000 feet (914 m) in elevation. Forest fires in 1893 which destroyed 3,000 acres (12 km²) around the notch, mostly on the Plateau side, and the steep terrain have left depleted, thin soils where balsam fir and red spruce can be seen along the west (Hunter) side of the road from the pond up into the notch. Scrubby paper birch, also common to boreal forests, is the dominant deciduous species on the Plateau side.</p><br>
<p>Most of the lands around the notch are protected areas of the Catskill Park portion of New Yorks Forest Preserve. The Plateau lands are the western end of the Indian Head Wilderness Area; Hunters are currently classified a step lower, as the Hunter Mountain Wild Forest, though a pending update to the Catskill State Land Master Plan would combine it with other properties to classify it, too, as wilderness.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>A medium-sized parking lot sits next to Notch Pond just below the notch, right where the popular Devil&#39;s Path hiking trail crosses the road (the only road crossing in its entire 24.2-mile (39 km) length). Most are bound for one of the three High Peaks in the area: Plateau, Hunter and Southwest Hunter. Potable water is available for hikers and people using the day-use facilities from several pumps next to the parking lot.</p><br>
<p>The climb up Plateau offers the best chance to appreciate just how stark the notch is. After crossing the old railbed, the trail begins a steady ascent of 1,400 vertical feet (427 m) to the popular Orchard Point lookout, which offers a view across the notch to all the nearby peaks plus West Kill Mountain beyond Southwest Hunter. From there it is two miles (3.2 km) across the aptly named Plateau to the mountain&#39;s actual summit.</p><br>
<p>To the west, the ascent is not so severe, although there are some steep sections, most famously near a ledge lower down on the trail called the Devils Portal. There are no views, although there is a nice level section traversing along the back of Hunter to the Devils Acre Lean-to, where the Hunter Mountain Trail leads to the top of the Catskills&#39; second-highest peak. The Acre is also the beginning of the sometimes-difficult bushwhack to Southwest Hunter.</p><br>
<p>Currently, the Long Path long-distance trail joins the Devil&#39;s Path here for the trip up Plateau after a two-mile (3 km) roadwalk. Future plans will relocate it into the deep forest, far from the highway.</p><br>
<p>In winter, ice climbers can also be found here seeking thrills on the cliffs on the Plateau side via a short hike; climbing is not otherwise done much in the Catskills due to the loose sedimentary rock of the region. Snowboarders have also found the slope offers challenging wilderness runs.</p><br>
<p>Hunters have also come in-season, although the topography can make the area fatally dangerous. In fall 2000 a local high school teacher was found dead after having fallen off one of the cliffs on the Hunter side during a hunt.</p><br>
<p>Llynnau Mymbyr are two lakes located in Dyffryn Mymbyr, a valley running from the village of Capel Curig to the Pen-y-Gwryd hotel in Snowdonia, north-west Wales. The A4086 runs along their northern banks.</p><br>
<p>Strictly speaking this is one lake, originally called Llyn Mymbyr, with a maximum depth of 30 feet. About 3/4 mile long in total, a delta has built up midway along the north shore, and this has to all purposes cut the lake in two - hence the plural name.</p><br>
<p>The river feeding the lakes is the Nantygwryd (or Nant-y-gwryd), which has its source at Llyn Cwm-y-ffynnon, also marked on maps as the Nant Gwryd, which is a tributary of the Afon Llugwy. The two rivers join at Capel Curig.</p><br>
<p>The lake was used for fly-fishing and sub-aqua courses in the 1960s and is still used today as a canoe training resource by Plas y Brenin and other local education authorities.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical and Geological Context</h2><br>
<p>The lakes lie in a depression formed by a ring of sandstone called the Capel Curig Volcanic Formation which can be vaguely seen in the panorama below which was taken from the north side. The igneous rocks of Moel Siabod can be seen behind the lakes which are linear but in the panorama appear to bend at the delta between the two.</p><br>
<p>Fort Ethan Allen was an earthwork fortification built on the property of Gilbert Vanderwerken in Alexandria County, Virginia,  by the Union Army in 1861 as part of the defense of Washington during the American Civil War. The remains of the fort, a portion of the earthen walls, now overgrown, are now part of Fort Ethan Allen Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was an earthern fort, with a perimeter of 736 yards and places for 36 guns.</p><br>
<p>There was no military action at Fort Ethan Allen throughout the American Civil War; the only attack on Washington-area forts was at Fort Stevens, north of the city, in 1864. Perhaps the most memorable wartime occurrence at Fort Ethan Allen was a visit by President Abraham Lincoln, one of the few visits to a Washington fort he ever made.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. It is designated as an Historic District by Arlington County, and is included as a site in the Virginia Civil War Trails program.</p><br>
<p>Seathwaite Fell is an area of the Lake District in Cumbria, England. It stands above the hamlet of the same name at the head of Borrowdale.</p><br>
<h2>Position of the summit</h2><br>
<p>The fell is very rugged with several small tops along the summit of the ridge. At the northern end is a peaked summit at 1,971 ft (601 m), very prominent from the valley below. Alfred Wainwright took this as the summit of the fell in his influential Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, even though he readily acknowledged that it wasnt the highest point. This is one of many subjective decisions which differentiate Wainwrights from more modern (and logical) hill lists such as Nuttalls and Hewitts. Wainwright stated that the 1,971 ft top was generally regarded as the summit of the fell, although he cited no references. Other guidebooks have taken Wainwrights lead, Mark Richards stating Stand upon that (northern) pike and you know why tradition has ordained this to be the summit. The view down Borrowdale is peerless. A new generation of fellwalkers may arrive seeking to overthrow the traditional perception and feeling no compunction at adopting the highest ground as a summit. Richards does at least acknowledge the highest point as a top, as does Birkett, who gives equal status to both.</p><br>
<p>To provide ease of identification, the highest point (2,073 ft, 632 m) is immediately east of Great Slack on Ordnance Survey maps. Great Slack being the name of the broad rake on the sw of the fell. Pt. 632 stands near the centre of the fell and is listed as a Nuttall and a Hewitt, but not of course as a Wainwright. The situation is further complicated by a third top to the south (2,070 ft, 631 m). This has been of little interest to guidebook writers, but of great significance to the authors of modern hill lists based purely upon height and prominence. Thus Seathwaite Fell South Top, unnamed on maps, is a Nuttall, reducing the traditional summit to third place.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Seathwaite Fell is a northern ridge of Great End in the Scafells. It projects out from beneath the great northern cliff of its parent, occupying a tongue of land between two tributaries of the River Derwent. These are Styhead Gill to the west and Grains Gill to the east, the streams meeting at Stockley Bridge below the nose of the fell. Sty Head Gill falls from the walkers&#39; pass at Sty Head, the main pedestrian route from Borrowdale to Wasdale. Near the head of the pass is Styhead Tarn. This in turn is fed by the outflow of Sprinkling Tarn, a beautiful indented pool lying between Seathwaite Fell and Great End. Sprinkling Tarn lies very close to the course of Grains Gill, ensuring that Seathwaite Fell is almost surrounded by water.</p><br>
<p>The prow of the fell above Stockley Bridge has two tiers of crag, with Aaron Crags standing above Black Waugh. A long line of crags also stands above Grains Gill on the eastern side, looming above the popular path from Seathwaite to Esk Hause. The western face, although rough, drops more gently down to Styhead Gill. In addition to a number of rocky knolls, the summit ridge also carries numerous small tarns. None are named on Ordnance Survey maps, although the one below the south top is of a reasonable size.</p><br>
<p>The traditional northern top and Pt 632 have small cairns. The view northward is good from both, but only the traditional top shows the foreground of upper Borrowdale. To the south is an intimate view of the cliffs of Great End.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit plateau is composed of volcaniclastic sandstone of the Seathwaite Fell Formation, with a dyke of andesite and hybridized andesite porphyry running due north from Sprinkling Tarn. The coarse grained sandstone and breccia of the Cam Crag Member is exposed further down the norther slope.</p><br>
<h2>Precipitation</h2><br>
<p>Seathwaite is listed as having 3552mm of rainfall annually; this figure makes it the wettest place with rainfall statistics in England. The rain gauge used for this measurement is on the slope of Seathwaite Fell above the hamlet.</p><br>
<p>Provisionally, the 24-hour total rainfall at Seathwaite (ending 0045 on Friday 20 November 2009) of 314.4 mm is a UK record for a single location in any given 24-hour period. Records going back to 1914.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The fell is invariably climbed from Seathwaite, taking the bridleway from Stockley Bridge which goes to Styhead Tarn for a kilometre, passing the waterfall of Taylorgill Force, before striking south westerly over rocky terrain to reach the cairned northern summit. A ridge path works its way south from here although it bypasses both Great Slack and the south top and a short detour is needed to reach them. An alternative is to make for Sprinkling Tarn from either Esk Hause or Sty Head and then work back along the ridge.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Auntie Mabel and Pippin visit Seathwaite Fell in the second episode of the third series of Come Outside, as they learnt about how graphite was discovered and how pencils are made.</p><br>
<p>Limingen  is a lake in the municipalities of Røyrvik and Lierne in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. The eighth-largest in the country, the lake lies 418 m above sea level and has an area of 93 km&sup2;. At the deepest point, it is 192 m deep and averages about 87 m deep. The lake has a volume of 8.34 km3 and is located just north of the large lake Tunnsjøen.</p><br>
<p>The lake level is regulated by dams. The Røyrvikelva river flows into the north end of Limingen from the lake Vektaren, through a dam. The water flows out through a tunnel to Røyrvikfoss Power Station, at the village of Røyrvik. At the south end, near the village of Limingen in Lierne, the water flows out of the tunnel to the Tunnsjøen via the Tunnsjø Power Station, as well as to Linvasselv Power Station on the Swedish side. The water level varies by up to about 10 m in level.</p><br>
<p>Sergeant Man is a fell in the English Lake District. It is properly a secondary summit of High Raise, but is given a separate chapter by Alfred Wainwright in his third Pictorial Guide nonetheless, as it "is so prominent an object and offers so compelling a challenge". Its rocky cone is indeed in great contrast to the grassy dome of High Raise.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Sergeant Man lies a third of a mile to the south east of the parent fell and is the pivotal point for a complex system of ridges radiating eastward from High Raise. South east, passing between Codale and Stickle Tarns is the broad spur leading to Blea Rigg, Silver How and Loughrigg. Sitting above Codale Tarn is the rocky subsidiary top of Codale Head — a grandchild of High Raise. From here further ridges run east to Tarn Crag and north east to Calf Crag and the circuit of Greenburn.</p><br>
<p>Steep ground falls away to the south of Sergeant Man, down to the valley of Bright Beck, this being the main feeder of Stickle Tarn. All water from this flank flows to Great Langdale. East of the summit between the Tarn Crag and Blea Rigg ridges, lie Codale Tarn and the headwaters of Easedale, streams bound for Grasmere. To the north of Sergeant Man are the upper gathering grounds of Wythburndale, which flow via Thirlmere to the sea at Workington.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The popular ways up Sergeant Man are either from Great Langdale via Stickle Tarn, or by a variety of routes from Grasmere village. These can take in the Blea Rigg, Tarn Crag or Calf Crag ridges, or ascend via Far Easedale or Easedale Tarn. The latter route takes the walker past Belles Knott, a striking feature near Codale Tarn. From below it appears as a sharp peak, etched against the skyline, but from above an easy grassy promenade is revealed behind.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The area between Sergeant Man and Codale Head has a rash of small tarns, but the summit area is otherwise reasonably dry. The final cone is most easily climbed via a ridge on the northern side, and has good all round views except where obscured by High Raise.</p><br>
<p>The Îles des Saintes , also known as Les Saintes, is a small archipelago of the French Antilles located to the south of Basse-Terre Island, west of Marie-Galante and north of Dominica. It is a dependency of Guadeloupe, which, in turn, is an overseas department and region of France.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>Les Saintes is a volcanic archipelago fully encircled by shallow reefs. It arose from the recent volcanic belt of the Lesser Antilles from the Pliocene Epoch. It is composed of rocks appeared on the Tertiary age between (4.7 to 2 million years ago). By origin, it was a unique island that the tectonic and volcanic earthquakes separate to create an archipelago due to the subduction zone between the South American plate, the North American plate and the Caribbean plate.</p><br>
<p>Les Saintes is composed of two very mountainous inhabited islands, Terre-de-Haut Island and Terre-de-Bas Island, with seven other uninhabited îslets:</p><br>
<p>Îlet à Cabrit</p><br>
<p>Grand-Îlet</p><br>
<p>la Coche</p><br>
<p>les Augustins</p><br>
<p>la Redonde</p><br>
<p>le Pâté</p><br>
<p>les Roches Percées</p><br>
<p>The total surface is 12.8 km&sup2;. The archipelago has approximately 22 km of coast and its highest hill, Chameau ("Camel"), reaches about 309 m.</p><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>Les Saintes is a territory of the northern hemisphere situated in North America, in the Caribbean islands, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator. It is positioned at 15°51 North, the same latitude as Thailand or Honduras, and at 61°36 West, the same longitude as Labrador and the Falkland Islands.</p><br>
<p>This locality places the archipelago at 6,800 km from metropolitan France; at 2,200 km from the southeast of Florida, at 600 km from the coast of South America, and exactly at the heart of the arc of the Lesser Antilles.</p><br>
<p>Les Saintes lies immediately south of the island of Guadeloupe and west of Marie-Galante. It is separated from Guadeloupe by Les Saintes Passage and from the north of Dominica by the Dominica Passage.</p><br>
<p>Africa, at 4,650 km</p><br>
<p>Central America, at 2,250 km</p><br>
<p>France, at 6,800 km</p><br>
<p>Venezuela, at 818 km</p><br>
<p>New York, at 2,990 km</p><br>
<p>Rio de Janeiro, at 4,600 km</p><br>
<p>Barbados, at 330 km</p><br>
<p>Puerto Rico, at 560 km</p><br>
<p>Guadeloupe, at 14 km</p><br>
<p>Dominica, at 20 km</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The archipelago is, at the administrative level, part of the Canton of Trois-Rivières and is divided into two communes: Terre-de-Haut and Terre-de-Bas.</p><br>
<p>It is included in the arrondissement of Basse-Terre and also in Guadeloupe&#39;s 4th constituency.</p><br>
<p>Thus, it benefits from the French overseas department status and is integrated in the French territory according to the 73rd article of the French constitution.</p><br>
<p>Administratively a part of Guadeloupe, les Saintes are also part of the ultra peripheral regions of the European Union.</p><br>
<p>Two Mairies (city halls), are on the inhabited islands, as well as two offices of P.T.T (mail service Bank).</p><br>
<p>Les Saintes have six primary and secondary schools which welcome the pupils of both municipalities:</p><br>
<p>2 nursery schools</p><br>
<p>2 primary schools</p><br>
<p>2 middle schools (colleges)</p><br>
<p>High school and higher education requires the children to go to Guadeloupe, Martinique or France.</p><br>
<h2>Demography</h2><br>
<p>The inhospitable relief and the low precipitation do not allow the establishment of agriculture. Few slaves were brought onto these islands. The population is constituted historically by Bretons, Normans and by inhabitants of Poitou who settled down to fish, rather than establish plantation slavery, as elsewhere in the Caribbean. This explains the largely European origin of the Saintois, as islanders are called.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the population of les Saintes was established as:</p><br>
<p>Terre-de-Haut: 1,838 inhabitants was the average between 1999 and 2006, with a density of population of 306 inhabitants / square kilometers. The number of households is 693.</p><br>
<p>Terre-de-Bas: 1,030 inhabitants was the average between 1999 and 2006, with a density of population of 151 inhabitants / square kilometers. The number of households is 377.</p><br>
<p>The life expectancy is 75 years for men and to 82 years for women. The average number of children per woman is 2.32.</p><br>
<h2>Language</h2><br>
<p>The archipelago of les Saintes is mostly populated by the descendants of colonists from Brittany and Normandy, and inhabitants of Poitou, Saintonge and Anjou who are mostly from the first French families that lived on Saint Christopher and Nevis when it was a French colony. The population has the peculiarity of being primarily of European origin and speaks a variety of popular American French, with some terms of Old French.</p><br>
<p>The French of France is the official language and that one taught in schools.</p><br>
<p>Among the languages of the archipelago, the Creole or patois (dialect) of les Saintes, stemming from the interbreeding of the Europeans and from the Creole influence of the slaves brought into the archipelago, is the most practiced by far.</p><br>
<p>Les Saintes Creole is a French-based creole language, and is included the category of the agglutinative languages. It differs from those of the neighbouring islands (Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante and Dominica) by its very Gallicised pronunciation. It is close to the Creole spoken on the eastern side of the island of Saint-Barthélemy. Certain phonemes of the French language (,, and ) disappeared from the modern creole of Guadeloupe, Dominica and Martinique are found in this dialect.</p><br>
<p>Contrary to other French Antilles creoles which have diverged from French, Les Saintes Creole is moving toward it, in particular by a hyper-correction of the pronunciation of, considered a sign of speaking well. This may be a legacy of the first colonists who considered, by phenomenon of diglossia, the dialect as a secondary language lower than French and tried hard to avoid pronouncing in the Guadeloupean way.</p><br>
<p>There is a second variant of this dialect, caused by the isolated evolution of the groups on two different islands. Terre-de-Haut Island&#39;s dialect can be distinguished from that of Terre-de-Bas.</p><br>
<p>The variant of Terre-de-Bas is the same, with a different accent, and certain expressions which are typical.</p><br>
<p>Even if the correct French language remains the educational parental priority, there is no generational problem in learning and speaking Creole. However, it is necessary to avoid talking in Creole for people exercising public authority, the elders and unknown people.</p><br>
<p>There are many other peculiarities of this dialect. Les Saintes creole is still spoken and Saintois are proud of its difference with the other Creoles. Though it is not taught in schools, it is transmitted orally from parents to their children.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Pre-Columbian</h3><br>
<p>Les Saintes, due to their location in the heart of the Lesser Antilles, were frequented first by Indian tribes coming from Caribbean and Central America. Caaroucaëra (the Arawak name of Îles des Saintes), although uninhabited due to the lack of spring water, were regularly visited by Arawak peoples then Kalinagos living on the neighbourhood islands of Guadeloupe and Dominica around the 9th century. They went there to practise hunting and fishing. The archaeological remains of war axes and pottery dug up on the site of Anse Rodrigue&#39;s Beach and stored at "Fort Napoléon" museum testify the visits of these populations.</p><br>
<h3>Discovery and colonisation</h3><br>
<p>It was during his second expedition for America, that Christopher Columbus discovered the small archipelago, on 4 November 1493. He named them "Los Santos", in reference to All Saints&#39; Day which had just been celebrated. Around 1523, along with its neighbours, these islands, which were devoid of precious metals, were abandoned by the Spanish who favoured the Greater Antilles and the South American continent.</p><br>
<p>On 18 October 1648, a French expedition led by Sir du Mé, annexed les Saintes, already under English influence, at the request of the governor of Guadeloupe, Charles Houël. From 1649, the islands became a colony exploited by the French West India Company which tried to establish agriculture. However, the inhospitable ground and the aridity of "Terre-de-Haut" halted this activity, though it persisted for a while on Terre-de-Bas, which was wetter and more fertile, under the orders of Sir Hazier du Buisson from 1652.</p><br>
<p>In 1653, the Kalinagos slaughtered the French troops in Marie-Galante. Sir du Mé decided to respond to this attack by sending a punitive expedition against the tribes in Dominica. Following these events, the Kalinagos, invaded les Saintes to take revenge. Sir Comte de l&#39;Etoile tried to repel the Caribs who were definitively chased away in 1658. In the name of the King of France, les Saintes were acquired in the royal domain by Jean-Baptiste Colbert when the French West India Company was dissolved in 1664.</p><br>
<p>On 4 August 1666, while the English were attacking the archipelago, their fleet was routed by the passage of a hurricane and some British who besieged this "Gibraltar of the Antilles" were quickly expelled by the troops of Sir du Lion and Sir Desmeuriers, helped by the Caribs. The English surrendered on 15 August 1666, the day of the Assumption of Mary, and a Te Deum was intoned at the request of Sir du Lion who founded an annual remembrance in honour to this victory - this is celebrated ardently on the island of Terre-de-Haut to this day. Our-Lady-of-Assumption became the Patron saint of the parish.</p><br>
<p>To protect the French colonies of the area, the English were repelled to Barbados by the governor of Santo Domingo, Jean-Baptiste Ducasse in 1691.</p><br>
<p>From 1759 to 1763, the British took possession of Les Saintes and a part of Guadeloupe.</p><br>
<p>Les Saintes were restored to the Kingdom of France only after the signature of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763, by which France gave up Île Royale, Isle Saint-Jean, Acadia and Canada, the Great Lakes region and the left bank of the Mississippi to the British.</p><br>
<p>To prevent further British ambitions, King Louis XVI ordered the construction of fortifications on Les Saintes. Thus began the construction of "Fort Louis" on the Mire Hill, "Fort de la Reine" on Petite Martinique island, the watchtowers of "Modele tower" on Chameau Hill (the top of the archipelago, 309 m), the artillery batteries of Morel Hill and Mouillage Hill, in 1777.</p><br>
<p>On 12 April 1782, after the military campaign of January in Basseterre on the island of Saint Christopher, the French fleet of Comte de Grasse, which aimed to annex British Jamaica, left Martinique and headed towards the archipelago of les Saintes, where it arrived in the evening. Caught in the Dominica Passage by the British and inferior in number, it was crushed by the vessels of the vices-admirals of Great Britain, Baron George Brydges Rodney aboard Formidable and Viscount Samuel Hood aboard Barfleur. According to legend, after he had fired the last of the ammunition of his carronades, de Grasse fired his silverware. In a little more than five hours, 2,000 French were killed, and 5,000 men and 5 boats captured. The defeat put les Saintes under British control for twenty years. The Royal Navy, after the Battle of the Chesapeake (Virginia) in 1781 and this battle, was very weakened and could not strengthen the colonial troops against the American separatists. So, the Battle of the Saintes finished the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>In 1794, France&#39;s National Convention, represented by Victor Hugues, tried to reconquer the islands but succeeded in occupying them only temporarily, pushed away by the powerful British vessel Queen Charlotte.</p><br>
<p>In 1802, the Bonapartists succeeded in obtaining the archipelago from the British, under the pressure of their military assaults. On 14 April 1809, the British armada of Admiral Sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane reconquered the archipelago. Three young people from les Saintes, Mr. Jean Calo, Mr. Cointre and Mr. Solitaire, succeeded in guiding three French vessels (Hautpoult, Courageux, and Félicité) commanded by the infantry division of Admiral Troude which were caught unawares inside the bay and helped them to escape through the North Passage called "La baleine". These heroes were decorated with the Legion of Honour a long time after their death.</p><br>
<p>Guadeloupe island was also conquered on 26 February 1810 by the British. The French Governor Jean Augustin Ernouf was forced to capitulate.</p><br>
<p>By a bilateral treaty signed in Stockholm on 3 March 1813, Sweden promised the British that they would make a common front against Napoleon&#39;s France. In return, the British would have to support the ambitions of Stockholm on Norway. Pragmatically, Karl XIV Johan indeed understood that it was time for Sweden to abandon Finland (lost in 1809) and to spread the kingdom westward. Besides, Great Britain offered the colony of Guadeloupe to Karl XIV Johan personally to seal this new alliance.</p><br>
<p>Under the Treaty of Paris signed on 30 May 1814, the United Kingdom accepted to give Guadeloupe back to France. King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden retroceded Guadeloupe to France and earned in exchange the recognition of the Union of Sweden and Norway and the payment to the Swedish royal house of 24 million gold francs in compensation (Guadeloupe Fund). However, the French only came back to les Saintes on 5 December, when the General Leith, commander in chief of forces in the West Indies and governor of the Leeward Isles accepted it.</p><br>
<p>The new governor of Guadeloupe and dependencies, the Commodore Sir Comte de Linois and his deputy governor Sir Eugène-Édouard Boyer, Baron de Peyreleau, sent by Louis XVIII to repossess the colony were quickly disturbed by the return of Napoleon I in April 1815 (Hundred Days). A conflict broke out between Bonapartists and monarchists.</p><br>
<p>On 19 June 1815, Sir Comte de Linois (monarchist) forced by Sir Boyer de Peyreleau (Bonapartist), rejoined the Bonapartists and chased away a British frigate sent by the governor of Windward Island in Martinique, Sir Pierre René Marie, Comte de Vaugiraud to bring back the monarchical order of Louis XVIII.</p><br>
<p>Sir Comte de Vaugiraud relieved them of their duties and the British took the offensive.</p><br>
<p>Les Saintes were annexed again by the crown of Great Britain on 6 July 1815, Marie-Galante on 18 July and Guadeloupe on 10 August.</p><br>
<p>Despite the defeat of the Bonapartists and the restoration of Louis XVIII, on the request of the slave planter of Guadeloupe (favourable to the British because of their abolitionist minds) and by order of General Leith the British stayed to purge the colony of Bonapartism. The Bonapartists were judged and deported.</p><br>
<p>The British troops left the colony to the French only on 22 July 1816. Sir Antoine Philippe, Comte de Lardenoy was named by the King, Governor and Administrator of Guadeloupe and dependencies on 25 July 1816.</p><br>
<p>It was in 1822 that the Chevalier de Fréminville legend was born. Christophe-Paulin de la Poix, named Chevalier de Fréminville, a sailor and naturalist in a military campaign to les Saintes aboard the vessel La Néréïde shared a dramatic love story with a Saintoise named Caroline (known as "Princess Caroline" in reference to her legendary beauty). She committed suicide down from the artillery battery of Morel Hill which bears her name today, thinking her beloved man dead at Saint-Christopher, not seeing him come back from campaign. This condemned the knight to madness; taken by sorrow, he took Caroline&#39;s clothes and returned to Brest, where he stayed until the end of his days. Engravings and narratives are kept at Fort Napoléon museum.</p><br>
<p>In 1844, during Louis Philippe I&#39;s reign, the construction of a fort began on the ruins of the old Fort Louis. The fortification was built to the technique of Vauban to protect the archipelago against a possible British reconquest.</p><br>
<p>In 1851, a penitentiary was built on Petite Martinique island, which became renamed îlet à Cabrit; in 1856 a prison reserved for women replaced it. It was destroyed in 1865 by a hurricane. The fort, begun during Louis-Philippe&#39;s reign, was finished in 1867 in the reign of Napoleon III who baptised it Fort Napoléon in honour of his uncle, Napoleon I. Fort de la Reine was renamed Fort Joséphine at the same time. A lazaretto was opened in 1871 instead of the penitentiary.</p><br>
<p>On 9 August 1882, under Jules Grévys mandature, at the request of the municipal councillors and following the churchs requirements asking for the creation of Saint-Nicholass parish, the municipality of Terre-de-Bas was created, separating from Terre-de-Haut which also became a municipality. This event marked the end of the municipality of les Saintes. The patron saints day of Terre-de-Bas was then established on 6 December, St Nicholas&#39;Day.</p><br>
<p>In 1903, the military and disciplinary garrisons were definitively given up. It was the end of the "Gibraltar of the Antilles", but in honour of its military past, the ships of the navy made a traditional stopover. In 1906, the famous cruiser Duguay-Trouin stopped over at les Saintes. In September 1928, les Saintes, like its neighbouringislands of Guadeloupe, were violently struck by a strong cyclone which destroyed an important part of the municipal archives. From 1934 the first inns were built, which marked the beginning of visits to the island by the outside world.</p><br>
<h3>Dissidence and French overseas departmentalisation</h3><br>
<p>In June 1940, answering the appeal of General de Gaulle, the French Antilles entered into a Resistance movement against Vichy regime and Nazi collaboration. They called it Dissidence. The governor, appointed by Marshal Philippe Pétain, Constant Sorin, was in charge of administering Guadeloupe and its dependencies. Les Saintes became the Mecca of dissidence.</p><br>
<p>The French Antilles were affected by the arbitrary power and the authoritarian ideology of Pétain and Pierre Laval. The ministry of the colonies of Vichy, by its colonial representatives Mr. Constant Sorin and Admiral Georges Robert, High Commissioner of France, applied its whole legislation including the anti-semitic laws. A strong police state was set up and any resistance was actively repressed. Seeing the rallying of the French Antilles to the regime of Vichy, the islands were embargoed by the British-American forces. Cut from any relationship (in particular the import of fuels and foodstuffs) with France, Constant Sorin set up a policy of rationing and self-sufficiency, by diversifying and increasing the local production. It was a period of resourcefulness.</p><br>
<p>On 27 October 1940, the General council was dissolved and the Mayors of Guadeloupe and its dependencies were relieved of their duties and replaced by prominent citizens appointed by the Vichy government. The mayor of Terre-de-Haut, Théodore Samson, was replaced by a Béké of Martinique, Mr. de Meynard. Popular gatherings were forbidden and freedom of expression was banned by the regime. A passive resistance to Vichy and its local representatives was organised from 1940 to 1943. More than 4,000 French West Indians left their islands, at the risk of their life, to join the nearby British colonies. Then they rallied the Free French Forces, first by undertaking military training in the United States, Canada or Great Britain. At the same time, Fort Napoléon became a political jail where the dissidents were locked. The Saintois boarded their traditional Saintoise to the Guadeloupean coast to pick up the volunteers for dissidence departure. Then, they were sailed through Dominica Passage, avoiding the cruisers and patrol boats of Admiral Robert.</p><br>
<p>In March 1943, the French Guyanese rebelled against the regime and rallied the allies. French West Indians followed the movement and in April, May and June 1943, a civil movement of resistance took weapons and rebelled against Vichy&#39;s administration. In Martinique, the marines of Fort-de-France also rebelled against Admiral Robert.</p><br>
<p>With shortages from the embargo making life more and more difficult, Admiral Robert sent to the Americans his will to capitulate, seeking the end of the blockade, on 30 June 1943.</p><br>
<p>On 3 July 1943, the American admiral John Howard Hoover came to Martinique and on 8 July 1943, the American government required an unconditional surrender to the authority of the French Committee of National Liberation and offered asylum to Admiral Robert.</p><br>
<p>On 15 July 1943, Governor Constant Sorin and Admiral Robert were relieved of their duties by Henri Hoppenot, ambassador of Free French Forces, and the French Antilles also joined the allies. Admiral Robert left the island the same day for the United States.</p><br>
<p>Many of the dissidents were sent to the North African fronts and participated in Operation Dragoon beside the Allies.</p><br>
<p>On 19 March 1946, the President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic promulgated the law of departmentalisation, which set up the colonies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, La Réunion and French Guyana, as Overseas Departments. From then on, les Saintes, Marie-Galante, La Désirade, Saint-Barthélemy and the French side of Saint-Martin were joined, as municipalities, with Guadeloupe island into the new department of Guadeloupe. The colonial status up until then was replaced by a policy of assimilation to the rest of the metropolitan territory.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, in the countrys municipal elections, the mysterious death of the mayor of Terre-de-Haut, Théodore Samson, while he was in the office of the National Gendarmerie provoked an uprising of the population against the institution which was attacked with conches and stones. The revolt lasted two days before being quelled by the military and police reinforcements from Guadeloupe whom dissipated the crowd, looked for and arrested the insurgents (mainly of the "Pineau" family, Théodore Samsons political support). A frigate of the navy stayed a few weeks in the harbour of les Saintes to restore the peace.</p><br>
<h3>Development of tourism</h3><br>
<p>In 1963, the archipelago welcomed SS France during its first transatlantic voyage, which moored in the bay like the Italian, Swedish, Norwegian and American cruise ships which continue today to frequent the small archipelago. The era of the luxury yacht began.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, thanks to mayor Eugène Samson, les Saintes entered into the aeronautical era, with the building of the runway of an aerodrome on the island of Terre-de-Haut.</p><br>
<p>In 1969, the first hotel of the island, "Le Bois Joli" opened its doors at Anse à Cointre beach.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, les Saintes was equipped with a desalination plant to supply the population. However, distribution costs were too much, so the activity was abandoned in 1993 and replaced by a submarine supply piped from Capesterre-Belle-Eau. Similarly, for electricity, although an emergency power plant of fuel oil remains active on the island of Terre-de-Bas.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, Fort Napoléon was restored by the Club of the Old Manor House and the Saintoise Association of the Protection of Heritage (A.S.P.P), and accommodated a museum of the history and heritage of les Saintes. It became the most visited monument in the archipelago. In 1984, the Jardin Exotique de Monaco and Jardin botanique du Montet sponsored the creation of an exotic garden on the covered way of Fort Napoléon.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, for "La route des fleurs" ("The road of flowers", a national contest between the municipalities of France which rewards the most flowery municipality), Terre-de-Haut was coupled with the city of Baccarat, famous for its crystal glass-making.</p><br>
<p>At the same time, the island of Terre-de-Haut was rewarded by an "environment Oscar" (a French award to municipalities protecting their heritage and environment) for the conservation of its heritage and natural housing environment.</p><br>
<p>On 14 May 1991, the sites of the Bay of Pompierre and Pain de Sucre were classified as protected spaces according to the law of 2 May 1930.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, the tourism office of les Saintes was created. The island welcomes approximately 300,000 visitors a year and became a destination appreciated by cruises and sailors.</p><br>
<p>On 20 May 1994, during his travel in the Antilles, the Prime Minister of France, Édouard Balladur, made an official visit to Terre-de-Haut.</p><br>
<p>In May 2001, les Saintes joined the Club of the Most Beautiful Bays of the World.</p><br>
<h3>2004 earthquake</h3><br>
<p>On 21 November 2004, the islands of les Saintes were struck by an earthquake of magnitude 6.3. It was an intraplate earthquake situated on a system of normal faults going from les Saintes to the north of Dominica. These faults are globally directed 135° (north-west to south-east), with dip north-east (Roseau fault, Ilet fault, Colibri fault, Marigot Fault) or south-west (Souffleur fault, Rodrigues fault, Redonda fault). These faults bound zones of rifts corresponding to an extension located on Roseau volcano (an inactive submarine volcano). The epicentre was offshore, located between the island of Dominica and les Saintes archipelago, at approximately 15°47N 61°28W, on Souffleur fault. The depth of the focus is located on the earth&#39;s crust, and is superficial, about 10,000 m. The concussions of the main shock and the numerous aftershocks were powerful, reaching an intensity of VIII (important structural damage) on the MSK scale. Damage to the most vulnerable properties in les Saintes, in Trois-Rivières (Guadeloupe) and in the North of Dominica were considerable. In Trois-Rivières, a collapsed wall killed a sleeping girl and seriously hurt her sister. In les Saintes, even though no-one was killed or badly wounded, many were traumatised by the strong and numerous aftershocks.</p><br>
<h3>Political and institutional evolution</h3><br>
<p>On 7 December 2003, the islands of les Saintes, integrated into the department of Guadeloupe, participated in a referendum on the institutional evolution of that French Overseas Department and rejected it by a majority of "No".</p><br>
<p>During the 2009 French Caribbean general strikes, les Saintes did not get involved in the movement and were only moderately affected: the supply of stores was very perturbed like other places in Guadeloupe, but these strikes mostly concerned small and medium enterprises (SMEs) (weakly presented on these islands). The maritime transport companies tried hard to find some Gasoil to assure most of the connections, and the Guadeloupean tourism was partially transferred to les Saintes.</p><br>
<p>Nicolas Sarkozy declared, at the end of the conflict, the opening of États-Généraux de l&#39;Outre-mer ("Estates-general of the Overseas"). Several study groups were created, one of which looked into the local governance, brought to conceive an institutional modification project or a new status of Guadeloupe with or without emancipation of its last dependencies. The conferences of the "southern islands" (name of the last dependencies of Guadeloupe) (Marie Galante, les Saintes and la Désirade) were opened in parallel. Problems common to these islands were exposed in six study groups: the equality of opportunity, the territorial continuity, the local governance, the local economic development, the insertion by the activity and tourism.</p><br>
<p>On 12 May 2009, the French overseas Minister, Yves Jégo, at the end of these conferences, made an official visit to les Saintes for the seminary of the southern islands of Guadeloupe. He took into account the identical reality and the political hopes of these islands, to improve the territorial continuity, to reduce the effects of the double-insularity, the abolition of the dependence to Guadeloupe, national representation, the development of the attractiveness of the labour pool in the zone, the fight against the depopulation, the tax system and the expensive life. For the moment he announced the signature of a contract baptised COLIBRI ("hummingbird&quot Contract for the Employment and the Local Initiatives in the Regional Pond of the Southern Islands of Guadeloupe), a convention of the Grouping of Public Interest for Arrangement and Development (GIPAD) and a proposition of statutory evolution in final, like the study group of governance, the collective of the southern islands of Guadeloupe and the elected representatives asked it, on the basis of the article 74 of the French constitution.</p><br>
<p>Les Saintes, like Marie Galante, aspires to the creation of an Overseas collectivity for each entity of the Southern islands, or combining the three dependences, on the same plan as the old northern islands of Guadeloupe (Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin). Marie-Luce Penchard, native of Guadeloupe, brought in a governmental portfolio for overseas on 23 June 2009 and appointed Overseas Minister on 6 November 2009, seems wildly opposed to the initial project of her predecessor and delays applying it.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Fishing was for a long time the main activity of les Saintes and is still an important employment sector. The local fishermen are respected throughout the Lesser Antilles for their bravery and their "hauls".</p><br>
<p>For around thirty years, les Saintes has become a famous place for tourism and this activity underpins the local economy. Terre-de-Haut welcomes numerous boats which cast anchor in the bay of les Saintes, dubbed "one of the most beautiful bays of the world". The hotel business and guest houses have spread, without disturbing this archipelago which has remained wild. The bay attracts luxury yachts, pleasure boats, cruise ships and big sailboats which cross through the Antilles. (84 stopovers of cruise for 2009) Terre-de-Haut annually receives more than 380,000 visitors who frequent businesses of the archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Agriculture remains underdeveloped on these dry islands.</p><br>
<p>An economic approach to all the activities is implemented by the National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) of Guadeloupe. Economic activity remains relatively low, marked by strong disparities between Terre-de-Haut and Terre-de-Bas. The unemployment rate is 12.6% (2007). The working population consists of a great majority of employees and salaried workers and a small percentage of storekeepers and craftsmen. The number of companies in the archipelago was 331 in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate of these islands is tropical, tempered by trade winds with moderate-high humidity.</p><br>
<p>Despite its location between Guadeloupe and Dominica, the climate of les Saintes is different, and is more dry than its neighbours. It tends to get closer to the climate of St. Barts and most little islands of the Lesser Antilles. The archipelago covers an area of 12.8 km&sup2;. Terre-de-Bas, the western isle, is wetter than Terre-de-Haut, the eastern. Though having 330 days of sunshine, the rainfall could reach 900 mm but varies very widely. Summer is from May to November which is also the rainy season. Winter, from December to April, is the dry season. Sunshine is very prominent almost throughout the year and even during the rainy season. Humidity, however, is not very high because of the winds. It has an average temperature of 25 &deg;C with day temperatures rising to 34 &deg;C. The average temperature in January is 28 &deg;C while in July it is 31 &deg;C. The lowest night temperature could be 16 &deg;C. The Caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 &deg;C. The archipelago faces frequent catastrophic threats of cyclonic storms.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>Les Saintes extend only over 12.8 km&sup2; but are characterised by a long coast, enriched by those of four small uninhabited islands. The coast of these islands does not have real cliffs, but their rocky shores are covered with corals. The sandy shores are more-or-less colonised by marine spermatophyte plants. In 2008, the inventory of the natural zones of ecological interest, fauna and flora (ZNIEFF) listed zones covering 381 hectares.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<h4>Land</h4><br>
<p>The land fauna is characterised by the presence of numerous ground iguanas. On this small territory live the green iguana of South America (the heraldic symbol of the municipality of Terre-de-Haut) and the endemic species of the Antilles, Iguana delicatissima, which is threatened by the appearance of a hybrid stemming from the reproduction between the both species. Other reptiles live with these prehistoric saurians: the Terre-de-Haut racer (Alsophis sanctonum sanctonum), Terre-de-Bas racer (Alsophis sanctonum danforthi), Les Saintes anole (Anolis terraealtae - strictly endemic to the archipelago), and lot of species of anoles. To be found throughout the hill are agoutis (Dasyprocta noblei), rodents of South America and the Caribbean; goats which populate woods and the edges of beaches; and, well hidden, some species of stick insects (praying mantises).</p><br>
<p>Birds are the most recurring species of the Antilles:</p><br>
<p>Passerine: bananaquit (Coereba flaveola), yellow-headed blackbird, dickcissel</p><br>
<p>Hummingbirds: blue-headed hummingbird, green-throated carib; purple-throated carib, blue-tailed emerald</p><br>
<p>Ardeidaes rest in salty ponds (snowy egret, green heron, western cattle egret, yellow-crowned night heron, tricolored heron, etc.) and living with the aquatic turtles, the common moorhen, the blue land crab, the blackback land crab, the sand fiddler crab and other species of crabs. The common kestrel is easily visible and audible during rides into the dry forest, like the zenaida dove, an endemic species of West Indies protected inside the archipelago.</p><br>
<p>The night fauna includes frogs, important due to the rarity of the species: Eleutherodactylus barlegnei, Eleutherodactylus pinchoni, Hylole de Johnstone, Eleutherodactylus jonhsonei.</p><br>
<p>Tree bats feed on papayas and other fruits and berries.</p><br>
<h4>Marine</h4><br>
<p>The archipelago shelters a big variety of:</p><br>
<p>Coral fishes (parrotfish, Cephalopholis, trumpetfish, mero, Epinephelus adscensionis, cardinalfish, damselfish, sergeant major fish, queen triggerfish, sunfish, scrawled cowfish, schoolmaster snapper, groupers, moray eels, conger, green moray, black scorpionfish (venomous), red snapper, balloonfishes, Atlantic blue tang surgeonfish, etc.)</p><br>
<p>Pelagic fishes</p><br>
<p>Royal spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) and Brazilian lobsters (Panulirus guttatus)</p><br>
<p>Crustaceans (spiny spider crabs, edible crab, shrimp, slipper lobster, etc.)</p><br>
<p>Molluscs (bobtail squid, squid, octopuses)</p><br>
<p>Shells (Strombus gigas renowned for their flesh, helmet shell, clam, whelks, etc.)</p><br>
<p>Sea anemone, seahorse, seaweeds, sea urchin white and black, polyps and other species of cnidarians (jellyfish)</p><br>
<p>Corals (diploria, fire corals, etc.) from Caribbean islands, which are prevalent during dives around the archipelago</p><br>
<p>Sharks and rays</p><br>
<p>Sec Pâté is a particularly appreciated and renowned diving spot. Fishing of fishes and shells is regulated or forbidden for certain species.</p><br>
<p>It is not rare to observe in Les Saintes Passage cetaceans: humpback whales, sperm whales, killer whales, and dolphins, which during their migration reproduce in the warm seas of the Antilles.</p><br>
<p>Sea birds (magnificent frigatebird, brown booby, masked booby, terns, double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), pelican, petrels) nest on the cliffs and uninhabited islands. In particular, on Grand-Îlet, a natural reserve of the archipelago which houses species of booby found nowhere else on les Saintes: red-footed booby (Sula sula) and blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii). But in the context of global warming and invasive foreign species implanted by the humans (e.g. red lionfish), the environment and the biodiversity of these islands are considered to be very vulnerable and to be protected. It is therefore recommended that visitors do not take plants or capture animals to avoid disturbing the species in their natural biotope, and do not pollute the ecosystem.</p><br>
<h4>Sea turtle protection</h4><br>
<p>Numerous species are endemic and strictly protected, listed, and guarded by the Conservatoire du littoral ("Coastal protection agency" ), particularly the sea turtles, in application of the international convention ratified by France. Indeed, les Saintes is the preserve of seven varieties of sea turtle, among which three (those in bold type) lay on the beaches of the island:</p><br>
<p>the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)</p><br>
<p>the flatback sea turtle (Natator depressus)</p><br>
<p>the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)</p><br>
<p>the olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea)</p><br>
<p>the Kemp&#39;s ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii)</p><br>
<p>the hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)</p><br>
<p>the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>The flora is typical of the xerophile forests of the volcanic Antilles islands:</p><br>
<p>Soapberries</p><br>
<p>Tabebuia pallida</p><br>
<p>Tabebuia heterophylla</p><br>
<p>Eugenia (Eugenia axillaris) - (a species of Myrtaceae, the fruits of which allow the manufacturing of the local and typical liqueur of wild cherry, apéritif of les Saintes)</p><br>
<p>Acerola (Malpighia emarginata)</p><br>
<p>Gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba)</p><br>
<p>Plumeria alba</p><br>
<p>Manchineel (Hippomane mancinella) - a toxic tree marked with red lines on their trunks by the Conservatoire du Littoral</p><br>
<p>Chinee apple or permseret (Ziziphus mauritiana) the edible fruits of which are used in the manufacturing of a punch softened in white rum.</p><br>
<p>Flamboyant red or yellow-flowered (Delonix regia)</p><br>
<p>Guapinol (Hymenaea courbaril)</p><br>
<p>Tamarind (Tamarindus indica), the fruits of which are used to make one of the specialities of Terre-de-Bas island, called "limbé ", a small home-made candy</p><br>
<p>West Indian bay tree (Pimenta racemosa) - much more present on the hills of Terre-de-Bas where the inhabitants use it to make the Bay rum, a rub lotion with curative qualities, the efficiency of which was widely proved in the Antilles. Also, certain species can be used in hair creams, allegedly favouring a fast regrowth and nutrition of hair. The seeds are also used as a spice to perfume dishes. The exploitation of pimenta is assured by the association "Le Mapou" at Terre-de-Bas island, in the medicinal garden "Éloit Germain".</p><br>
<p>The aridity allowed the establishment of colonies of very diversified cacti and succulents, which the most remarkable are:</p><br>
<p>Ceroid cacti</p><br>
<p>prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica)</p><br>
<p>Melocactus - which are on the logo of the Tourist information office of the archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Aloe</p><br>
<p>The dry ground of the hills is strewn with herbaceous plants, sometimes composed by urticant lianas (Acalypha arvensis), cat&#39;s claw (Uncaria tomentosa), Croton balsamifer, philodendron and fabaceaes (trees with toxic or edible seeds), pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan), sword beans (Canavalia gladiata), Senna alexandrina, margosa or bitter melon (Momordica charantia), Caesalpinia ciliatea, Caesalpinia bonduc (from which children make balls), rosary pea (Abrus precatorius), castor oil plant (Ricinus communis - used in the local small business sector).</p><br>
<p>The seaside has a vegetation of:</p><br>
<p>Yellow, green or orange huge coconut palms</p><br>
<p>Baygrape (Coccoloba uvifera)</p><br>
<p>Portia tree (Thespesia populnea)</p><br>
<p>Paradise plum (Chrysobalanus icaco)</p><br>
<p>Muricife (creole term), a variety of edible West Indian olive that has almost disappeared from beaches</p><br>
<p>Three rare species of orchid grow naturally in the archipelago and are the object of a severe protection:</p><br>
<p>Fringed star orchid (Epidendrum ciliare)</p><br>
<p>Tolumnia urophylla</p><br>
<p>Brassavola cucullata - more rare; endangered on les Saintes</p><br>
<p>Numerous walking tours were established by the Conservatoire du Littoral through the forest, in such a way to allow observation of these natural resources, the historic ruins of the fortifications, and the exceptional panoramas offered by les Saintes to its visitors.</p><br>
<p>The sand of the beaches is dominantly white or golden, although some zones of black sand remain under the white sand. On the semi-submerged rocks, crabs can be found: Ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata), hermit crab (Pagurus bernhardus), Sally lightfoot (Grapsus grapsus).</p><br>
<h3>Environmental and energy policy</h3><br>
<p>Numerous things are done to protect this fragile ecosystem at international, national, departmental and municipal level. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) listed several sites of the archipelago and categorised their degree of protection according to the current classification. So, several sites are registered in category IV, as defined by the non-governmental organisation.</p><br>
<p>During the 1990s, most of the beaches and hills of the archipelago were listed under a decree of biotype protection (Grande Anse beach, Îlet à Cabrit, Morel hill). At the request of the municipality and the Departmental Council, the bays of Pompierre and Pain de Sucre were classified by a French law of 2 May 1930 (relative to the protection of the natural monuments and the sites of artistic, historic, scientific, legendary or picturesque character).</p><br>
<p>The Conservatoire du littoral agency has acquired several areas, in particular Grand Ilet and Chameau hill, under the framework of the national program of protection of natural spaces.</p><br>
<p>On 31 December 2010, the open-air garbage dump, an environmental problem for the archipelago for a long time, was closed and replaced by waste sorting. Now, waste is compacted and sent by boat to Guadeloupe to be recycled.</p><br>
<p>Moreover, plastic bags have disappeared from grocers&#39; shops and other businesses on the archipelago. Each municipality helped its inhabitants to change their habits by distributing reusable shopping bags. With these new political measures, les Saintes is more committed to the protection of the environment and its heritage.</p><br>
<p>Terre-de-Haut, created its local Agenda 21.</p><br>
<p>In May 2011, anchorage buoys were installed in the bay of Terre-de-Haut to regulate sailing and decrease uncontrolled anchorages which damage the sea bed.</p><br>
<p>Special guy-wired wind turbines, which could be laid on the ground within forty-five minutes when a hurricane or storm comes, were installed on Terre-de-Bas. In 2007, these seven machines could produce three million kWh a year, allowing Terre-de-Bas, and all the archipelago of les Saintes to be surplus in electricity. Thanks to this, les Saintes can supply electricity to the south of Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe).</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<h3>Feast days and long-standing customs</h3><br>
<p>The calendar of feast days and customs are guided by the Christian feast days. The traditions of the Church are very long-lived in the islands. The public holidays are the same as those of France, plus those specific to the Guadeloupe overseas department and those of Les Saintes.</p><br>
<p>The Christian feast days (Christmas, Easter, Pentecost) are celebrated by mass in the churches, embellished by the choirs of both parishes. Some feast days have peculiarities:</p><br>
<p>Corpus Christi: The believers follow a procession through the streets of the island with the priest who protects the Monstrance (Blessed Sacrament) covered with beautiful local embroidery to a cave, where there are children dressed as cherubs throwing flower petals. The local residents who liv along the route of procession go out to the entrance of their house, their fishing nets decorated with fruits and flowers, with Christian icons and paintings of The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci).</p><br>
<p>Fishing and fishermen days: celebrated on 11 June every year with a fishing competition, net making, remembrance of dead fishermen, and dancing.</p><br>
<p>Public holidays on 15 and 16 August: August 15th is the patron saints day of Terre-de-Haut Island (Our-Lady-of-Assumption). The Mayor, his municipal council and officials are dressed as much as the boats in the bay. There are artillery salvos, drum majorettes, a torchlight procession, and bugle reveille. The island celebrates the 15 August 1666 victory of the French fleet against the English occupying the archipelago. A procession with the status of Our-Lady-of-Assumption is led through the streets of the island before ending on the beach where the priest throws a spray of flowers to the sea. It is the signal for the regatta of saintoise sail (traditional boat of les Saintes). A ship of the French Navy is present for the occasion, particularly la Fougeuse a Patrol boat, of which Terre-de-Haut island is the godmother. Officers and sailors wearing their bachis (Seaman (Matelot) and Quartermaster (Quartier-maître) hat in French navy characterised by a small red pom-pom) walk on the island. In the past, French cruiser Jeanne dArc (R97) attended the festivities.</p><br>
<p>Sinterklaas: 6 December is the Patron saint&#39;s day of Terre-de-Bas Island (Saint Nicholas ). Festival of the island.</p><br>
<p>Carnival is celebrated in February by wearing luxurious fancy dresses and masks in the streets under the rhythms of West Indian steel drums for fat days: Saturday, Sunday, Monday (at night in pyjamas), on Fat Tuesday (Mardi Gras) and on Ash Wednesday (wearing black and white, closing the carnival by the burning of the marionette Vaval, King of Carnival). People go to the church after the carnival for liturgical marking with ashes. A traditional mask, known in the creole as Mo-vivant ("zombie"), frightens the children, particularly during Fat Tuesday.</p><br>
<h3>Local crafts</h3><br>
<p>Crafts are still very prominent on the archipelago, which still produce typical objects:</p><br>
<p>the Salako, a traditional hat made from bamboo fibres, probably native of Indochina. It is a conical hat, traditionally covered with white fabric for the top and blue for the bottom, but also dressed in madras fabric; it is manufactured by the craftsmen of Terre-de-Bas.</p><br>
<p>The Saintoise, a fishing boat which is used in all the Lesser Antilles due to its reliability and its manoeuvrability. It is the work of the old marine carpenters of the island who have modernised it by motorising it. Its traditional shape is in veil and wood and is used during regattas today. Guadeloupe took back this tradition of les Saintes, and restored local sailing by creating an annual regatta which takes place in July, the TGVT (Guadeloupe Traditional Sail Tour). The saintoise is built in shipyards which receive orders from numerous Caribbean islands (e.g. shipyard Alain Foy, shipyard Pineau, etc.).</p><br>
<p>Embroidery, sewing, crochet, and weaving: coming from Breton and Norman ancestral traditions, the ladies of the island prepare basketwork in latan palm leaves, and sew. As well as parasols, slippers, baby clothes, curtains, place mats, mantillas, beddings and pillowcases embroidered or crocheted by the extraordinary dextrous ladies of the archipelago. Their products are sometimes exhibited in city halls and sold in front of the doors of their residences. The men make bow nets for fishing and weave the bamboo fibres for the bottoms of chairs and rocking chairs.</p><br>
<p>Furniture, model making and wooden toys: furniture (beds, sideboards, consoles, rocking chairs), and model boats are created by very skillful carpenters. Marionettes, cars (kabwa in Creole) and wooden traditional spinning tops are made on the island, and are still appreciated by the children.</p><br>
<p>The housing environment: Les Saintes is renowned for the charm and the cleanliness of its houses. Everything is minutely detailed: railings, doors with flaps, venetian blinds, the designs, and the decorative friezes covering gutters along the roof. Wood is still the most important material of local crafts.</p><br>
<h3>Artists</h3><br>
<p>Les Saintes inspire lots of artists for their exceptional landscapes, heritage and scenes of life.</p><br>
<p>Pascal Foy: this young man from les Saintes developed and patented his idea to create miniaturised façades of the traditional Creole houses. These are exhibited and sold in his art gallery at Terre-de-Haut.</p><br>
<p>Martine Cotten: this Breton artist has lived in les Saintes for more than twenty years. With soft pastels she draws on vellum paper scenes and panoramas of les Saintes and Brittany (Pont-Aven) which she sells and exhibits in her shop in the small port of Terre-de-Haut. Her art is appreciated by collectors and business managers. A lot of exhibitions are dedicated to her in France and abroad.</p><br>
<p>Spindler: this artist, noted for his original coloured works of Caribbean life, stayed for a long time in les Saintes, before recently settling down on Saint-Barts. His works are present on both islands.</p><br>
<p>Cathy Regnier: a painter of watercolour who creates portraits and landscape of les Saintes.</p><br>
<p>Edouard Recup&#39;art: this artist, who has fallen in love with les Saintes, exhibits paintings and panels from recycled wooden boat hulls with worn nets.</p><br>
<p>The soap factory of the island: a perfumer who makes bath salts, soaps, oil and essential milk in the designs and scents of the archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Alain Foy: this young man from les Saintes creates sculptures in resin on plans of paintings in three dimensions.</p><br>
<h3>Music</h3><br>
<p>Like on all the islands of the Lesser Antilles, music livens up life of the people from les Saintes. The musicians who, in the past, occupied squares to play West Indian and French tunes with their accordions, violins and harmonicas are now replaced by small bands which provide rhythm to the parties and carnivals of the islands. (SOS band, Unison, Mélody Vice, Explosion, etc.)</p><br>
<p>The traditional music (Creole Quadrille, Biguine, mazouk from Martinique) is still present for the folk balls when the inhabitants wear their traditional costumes and sing the islands creole hymns Viv péyi an nou, viv les Saintes an nou ("Long live our country, long live our les Saintes") or Viv Terre-de-Haut ("Long live Terre-de-Haut") for official occasions such as ministerial visits or the islands patron saints day on 15 August. Gwo ka music, contrary to on neighbouring Guadeloupe where it comes from, made only brief appearances to les Saintes, and has not integrated into Les Saintes traditions.</p><br>
<p>Haitian Compas music and the Guadeloupean combos of the 70s (les Aiglons, la Perfecta, etc.) are very appreciated and are played in all the celebrations of life (marriages, public baptisms, balls, etc.).</p><br>
<p>The Creole waltz remains the traditional emblem of the opening of the ball for the newlyweds of the archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Zouk, Salsa, Merengue, Dancehall, French and international varieties of music are popular with young people who dance to these rhythms in bars and clubs. Les Saintes have also inspired the Guadeloupean singer Francky Vincent who dedicated a title to the archipelago: Le tourment d&#39;amour.</p><br>
<p>A singer from les Saintes called "Joyeux des cocotiers" who sang the songs La cousine and Pina colada coco loco became famous in the French Antilles as part of an illustrious band from Terre-de-Bas: L Étoile des mers which created the titles: La vi péchè (Lan mè la enragé), Pwoblèm and Ti marin péchè.</p><br>
<h3>Cuisine</h3><br>
<p>The food of the islands is mainly composed of products of the sea and creole culinary dishes. These include fish Court-bouillon, Colombo (a creole dish of meat spiced with curry, curcuma, saffron and cumin), black pudding, and accras de Morue (saltfish). Some typical specialities are:</p><br>
<p>Le "Tourment damour": a small tartlet consisting of a pie crust pastry, with jam (traditionally coconut) wholly covered with a sponge cake. These tartlets are very widespread in the archipelago, and are sold at the port to the visitors arriving from the ferries. Every year, for the patron saints day, a competition for the best and biggest "tourment d&#39;amour" is held. They are now also made with jam of other tropical fruits, e.g. banana, guava, passion fruit and pineapple. Musician Francky Vincent praised these in one of his musical compositions.</p><br>
<p>Fish pancakes: to honour their ancestral roots, les Saintes&#39; people have created a pancake with the peculiarity of being filled by a fish stuffing and a bechamel sauce. It is baked in the oven and covered with dried breadcrumbs.</p><br>
<p>Fish cake: a fish terrine, baked in the oven and served fresh.</p><br>
<p>"Limbe": a small candy made on the island of Terre-de-Bas with tamarinds, sugar and condensed milk.</p><br>
<p>"Fwisu": a special preparation of goat blood, spiced with onion, thyme and garlic, served as a warm starter. It is similar to the Sanquette, a traditional dish of the regions of the South of France.</p><br>
<p>"Wog": a kind of local caviar - fish eggs, that les Saintes&#39; people prepare by frying. Mahi-mahi eggs are usually used.</p><br>
<p>Eugenia liqueur: small wild berries of les Saintes steeped in white rum to give a liqueur. When aged, it has a bigger flavour. It is considered to be the local wine due to its colour and taste.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage and historical monuments</h2><br>
<p>The museum and botanical garden of Napoleon fort</p><br>
<p>The nature reserves of Grand-Îlet and Morel hill.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of the lazaretto and "Joséphine Fort" on îlet à Cabrit</p><br>
<p>"Caroline Artillery battery" (Morel hill) and "Modele Tower" (Chameau hill)</p><br>
<p>The French navy cemetery of Terre-de-Haut</p><br>
<p>The lighthouse of the port of Terre-de-Haut</p><br>
<p>The "Bateau des îles", or the house in the shape of bow of ship (Terre-de-Haut)</p><br>
<p>The chapel of the Calvary (Terre-de-Haut)</p><br>
<p>The square of the Governor Lion or square of the port, with its coloured houses (Terre-de-Haut)</p><br>
<p>The basalt organ pipes of Pain de sucre (Terre-de-Haut)</p><br>
<p>Notre Dame de lAssomptions church (Terre-de-Haut)</p><br>
<p>The ruins of the old pottery factory of "Grand Baie" (Terre-de-Bas)</p><br>
<p>St Nicholas&#39; church (Terre-de-Bas)</p><br>
<p>The watchtower and ponds of "Abymes hill" (Terre-de-bas)</p><br>
<p>The typical district of Mapou and its factory of bay rum and essence of bay rum tree</p><br>
<p>The diving site of "sec Pâté" (Terre-de-Bas)</p><br>
<p>The many beaches (Crawen, Pompierre, Anse Rodrigue, Anse Figuier, Marigot, Anse Mire, Grande-Anse, Anse à Dos, Anse à Cointre, etc.)</p><br>
<h2>Public health</h2><br>
<p>The archipelago has a health centre per island. Terre-de-Haut has two general practitioners, two dentists, four physiotherapists. Terre-de-Bas has a general practitioner. The pharmacy is located on Terre-de-Haut.</p><br>
<p>Each island has a care centre for help; the fire brigades are equipped with equipment and vehicles adapted to fight against disasters and to carry assistance.</p><br>
<p>Other care and specialities are located at Basse-Terre or Pointe-à-Pitre and in case of emergency, the fire brigade can call the helicopter of Sécurité Civile to come from Guadeloupe.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<h3>On the islands</h3><br>
<p>The transport on Terre-de-Haut mainly consists of scooters and motorcycles. A lot of scooter rental companies are made available to tourists on their arrival. Cars are rare; some taxis, tourist minibuses and utility vehicles use the narrow streets of the island.</p><br>
<p>On Terre-de-Bas minibuses make the bulk of the transport between the port and the villages.</p><br>
<h3>Boat</h3><br>
<p>For the regular transport of passengers, small ferries make several daily connections between Terre-de-Bas, Terre-de-Haut, Trois-Rivières (Guadeloupe island), and Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe island) on certain mornings.</p><br>
<p>Other connections, essentially for tourists, are made several times a week to Pointe-à-Pitre (Guadeloupe), Grand-Bourg (Marie-Galante), Roseau (Dominica) or Fort-de-France (Martinique).</p><br>
<p>Les Saintes is frequented by pleasure boats, coming from Guadeloupe island or cruising the Caribbean islands.</p><br>
<p>Goods transportation is made by small cargo boats or barges from Guadeloupe island. Small deliveries or express service are made by the ferries.</p><br>
<h3>Air</h3><br>
<p>An aerodrome crosses Terre-de-Haut island. Its runway of 580 m is reserved for small private planes (e.g. Cessna 208 Caravan, DHC-6 Twin Otter) because the low maritime distance does not allow the maintenance of a profitable regular public line. (Air Caraïbes stopped the flight connection in 2008.)</p><br>
<p>Loch Goil;  is a small sea loch forming part of the coast of the Cowal peninsula in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. The sea loch is entirely within the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park.</p><br>
<p>It is an arm of Loch Long. The village of Lochgoilhead stands at its head.</p><br>
<p>Located in the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park, Lochgoilhead sits at the head of Loch Goil, a fjord type sea loch. Only an hour from the Erskine Bridge, Glasgow Airport the M8 and Glasgow. The village is accessed from the Rest & Be Thankful pass by way of a 6 mi single-track road. The area is surrounded by hills and mountains, with loch views, and a range of accommodation, leisure activities and entertainment. Carrick Castle lies on the west shore 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Lochgoilhead.</p><br>
<p>The landscape at Loch Goil shows its remoteness and Highland grandeur with the Arrochar Alps surrounding with conifers in the Highlands of Scotland.</p><br>
<p>It is used for exercises by Trident submarines from HMNB Clyde at Faslane.</p><br>
<h2>Fisheries</h2><br>
<p>Several Scottish Sea Fishing shore records are attributed to the Loch:</p><br>
<p>The Delarof Islands   are a group of small islands at the extreme western end of the Andreanof Islands group in the central Aleutian Islands, Alaska. The Delarofs consist of 11 named islands: Amatignak, Gareloi, Ilak, Kavalga , Ogliuga , Skagul , the Tags , Tanadak , Ugidak , Ulak, and Unalga .</p><br>
<p>These islands are separated from the remainder of the Andreanofs by Tanaga Pass to the east and from Amchitka and Semisopochnoi (the easternmost of the Rat Islands) by Amchitka Pass to the west. All of these islands are managed as part of the Aleutian Islands Unit of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. The Delarof Islands together have a land area of 63.842 sq mi (165.349 km²). None of the islands are populated.</p><br>
<p>The Delarof Islands were named in 1836 by Captain Fyodor Petrovich Litke of the Imperial Russian Navy. He named them after Greek-born administrator Eustrate Ivanovich Delarof (also spelled Evstratii Ivanovich Delarov), who was the chief manager of the Shelikhov-Golikov Company (precursor of the Russian-American Company) from 1787 to 1791.</p><br>
<p>The Dunbar Apartments is a complex of buildings located on West 149th and West 150th Streets between Frederick Douglass Boulevard/Macombs Place and Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. They were built by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. from 1926 to 1928 to provide housing for African Americans, the first project of its kind. The buildings were designed by architect Andrew J. Thomas and were named in honor of the noted African American poet Paul Laurence Dunbar.</p><br>
<p>The complex consists of six separate buildings with a total of 511 apartments (as constructed) and occupies an entire city block. The buildings center around an interior garden courtyard, with each building "U"-shaped so that every apartment receives easy air flow and direct sunlight at some point during the day. The Dunbar is considered the "first large garden-complex in Manhattan."</p><br>
<p>The complex was designated a New York City Landmark in 1970, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The Dunbar Apartments were constructed as an experiment in housing reform, to alleviate the housing shortage in Harlem and to provide housing for African Americans. Rather than being set up as rental apartments, the complex was a housing cooperative. Tenants were required to pay a down payment of $50 per room, and then $14.50 per room per month, much of which went towards a mortgage on the space. In 22 years, if payments were all made on time, the tenant would own the apartment. The project was both the first large cooperative aimed at African Americans, and also New York City&#39;s first large garden apartment complex.</p><br>
<p>The original tenants were primarily middle class, and inexpensive childcare was provided on-site to support working mothers. However, the building opened in 1928, and the Great Depression began just a year later. The management of the complex was forced to loosen a number of cooperative rules in order to allow people to, for example, take in lodgers. Even so, too many tenants failed to make their payments and the buildings defaulted on their mortgage to Rockefeller. He foreclosed in 1936, and a year later the buildings were converted to rental units.</p><br>
<p>In June 2013, the Dunbar Apartments were sold to the Brooklyn-based developer E&M Associates. Plans were set in motion to upgrade the facilities and establish the Dunbar as one of the premier upscale complexes in Upper Manhattan. These plans include renovating the vacant apartments, updating and refurbishing the interior courtyard and garden, and the addition of a variety of amenities including a fitness center, playground, additional security and a doorman. The contract was acquired by Samuel Berry and Andrew Melohn of Douglas Elliman working in conjunction with Fredrik Eklund.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Noted personalities to live in the Dunbar include leaders of the Civil Rights Movement such as W. E. B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, and A. Philip Randolph, entertainer Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, poet Countee Cullen, and the explorer Matthew Henson.</p><br>
<p>The Gaisberg is, at 1,288 m above sea level, a mountain to the east of Salzburg, Austria. It belongs to Salzkammergut Mountains, a range of the Northern Limestone Alps. The mountain is one of the Salzburg Hausberge, a popular recreational area offering picturesque views over the city and the Berchtesgaden Alps in the west. On the top of the mountain is the widely visible Gaisberg Transmitter.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is one of the foothills of the Osterhorn Group between the Lammertal valley and the Wolfgangsee; forming the eastern rim of the Salzburg Basin. The western slopes with the Kühberg spur extend to the Salzburg city limits, the adjacent parts belong to the neighbouring Koppl and Elsbethen municipalities. Since 1988 a small part of the woodland is designated as a protected area.</p><br>
<p>The Gaisberg has been a popular destination for daytrippers from Salzburg already in the 18th century. From 1887 until 1928 a rack railway, the Gaisbergbahn, provided easy access from the city to the top of the mountain until it was replaced in 1929 by a road. Today a public bus route starting from the Mirabellplatz square links a parking lot on the summit plateau, a starting point for winter sport, hiking, mountain biking, and paragliding to the city centre. The Gaisberg Transmitter, a 100 m high FM and TV transmitter facility located on its top, was erected in 1956.</p><br>
<h2>Gaisberg race</h2><br>
<p>The Gaisberg road became the venue of a car and motorcycle hillclimb race between 1929 and 1969, which was part of the European Hillclimb Championship.</p><br>
<p>Rudolf Caracciola, Manfred von Brauchitsch and Hans Stuck were among the 83 drivers of the first race on September 8, 1929 and contestants of later races included Luigi Fagioli, Carlo Felice Trossi, Wolfgang Graf Berghe von Trips, Jean Behra, Jochen Rindt, Rolf Stommelen and Niki Lauda.</p><br>
<p>Since 2003 the historical race has been revived and celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2004..</p><br>
<p>Guist Creek Lake is a 317 acre reservoir about five miles  east of Shelbyville, Kentucky. It was created in 1961 by impounding Guist Creek. The lake has 27 mi of shoreline and is stocked annually with 7,900 channel catfish per year. Its average depth is 15 ft, with the main channel averaging around 20 ft in most of the lake. Its maximum depth is 47 ft. Guist Creek Lake is in the Salt River drainage basin.</p><br>
<h2>Record fish</h2><br>
<p>Two Kentucky state record fish were taken from Guist Creek Lake:</p><br>
<p>Bullhead catfish, 5 lb 3oz, caught by Harry Case on October 18, 1992</p><br>
<p>White catfish, 1 lb 9oz, caught by Charles Crain on May 3, 2004</p><br>
<h2>Creel limits</h2><br>
<p>Channel catfish - must be over 12 inches (.3 m)</p><br>
<p>All other species follow ky state regulations</p><br>
<p>Monte Gordo is a mountain on the island of São Nicolau, Cape Verde. At 1,312 m elevation, it is the island&#39;s highest point. It is situated in the western part of the island, 6 km west of the island capital Ribeira Brava. The mountain is of volcanic origin. The boundary of the municipalities Tarrafal de São Nicolau and Ribeira Brava runs over the mountain. It is part of a natural park ), which has been created to protect the typical humid mountain ecosystem, it was established on February 24, 2003 and is category V by the IUCN, it also forms a part of the Central mountain range of Ilha de São Nicolau Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<h2>About Monte Gordo</h2><br>
<p>Villages inside the mountain range includes Cachaço, Cabeçalinho, Covada and Fragata. Villages on the foot of the mountain include Hortelão, Palhal and Ribeira dos Calhaus, much of the villages are partly covered by the park area, Ribeira dos Calhaus are completely covered by the natural park.</p><br>
<p>Monte Gordo is connected with the EN1-SN-01 1.4 kilometers with the EN3-SN05 (or Route 3, Insular Route 5).</p><br>
<p>Much of the area are forested especially with pine trees (laurisilva are non-existent in Cape Verde). Some of the higher parts of the site are forested, especially around Monte Gordo where relatively high rainfall and frequent misty conditions cause the trees to be thickly covered with lichens.</p><br>
<p>Its geology consists of the Monte Gordo formation which is made up of rocks that are about 1.7 to 1.5 million years, the younger rocks are about 100,000 to 50,000 years old.</p><br>
<p>During the mid-Ice Age, its elevation was nearly 1,450 meters, around 9000-7000 BC, its elevation became at around 4,000 meters.</p><br>
<p>In its history, the mountain was mentioned as "Monte Gorda" in the 1747 French/Dutch map by Jacques Nicolas Bellin.</p><br>
<p>At certain points of the mountain especially the road with Ribeira dos Calhaus, panoramic views are seen as well as most of the island but the easternmost point which is not seen by Monte Bissau. The mountain can be seen from the surrounding islands and islets especially to the west including Ilhéu Branco, São Vicente, the east of Santo Antão, Sal and the west of Boa Vista including some of its small mountains.</p><br>
<p>Plant species found on the mountain slopes include Euphorbia tuckeyana, Limonium jovibarba and the endangered Nauplius smithii. Fauna such as the São Nicolau wall gecko (Tarentola nicolauensis), Darwins wall gecko (Tarentola darwinii), Bocages wall gecko (Tarentola bocagei) and Tarentola gigas (Giant wall gecko). Birds fly in the mountain range area, endangered ones includes the Cape Verde sparrow and the Cape Verde warbler.</p><br>
<p>The Million Dollar Theatre at 307 S. Broadway in downtown Los Angeles is one of the first movie palaces built in the United States. It opened in February 1918. It is the northernmost of the collection of historical movie palaces in the Broadway Theater District and stands directly across from the landmark Bradbury Building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Million Dollar was the first movie house built by entrepreneur Sid Grauman. Grauman was later responsible for Graumans Egyptian Theatre and Graumans Chinese Theatre, both on Hollywood Boulevard, and was partly responsible for the entertainment district shifting from downtown Los Angeles to Hollywood in the mid-1920s. Sculptor Joseph Mora did the elaborate and surprising exterior Spanish Colonial Revival ornament, including bursts of lavish Churrigueresque decoration, multiple statues, longhorn skulls and other odd features. The auditorium architect was William L. Woollett, and the designer of the twelve-story tower was Los Angeles architect Albert C. Martin, Sr. For many years the office building housed the headquarters of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.</p><br>
<h3>1940s</h3><br>
<p>In the 1940s the theater was the second run house of the famous Orpheum Circuit. Acts such as the Nat King Cole Trio, and Joe Liggins and The Honey Drippers performed on its stage. In 1949 the Million Dollar was taken over by Frank Fouce, a local Spanish language theater owner and film distributor. The Million Dollar Theater became the mecca of Spanish language, in particular Mexican, entertainment in the United States. Dolores del Río, Cantinflas, María Félix, Agustín Lara, José Alfredo Jiménez, José Feliciano, Juan Gabriel, Vicente Fernández, and Celia Cruz are but a few of the artists that worked for Empresa Fouce (Fouce Enterprise). It was also the first venue where the late Mexican film star Antonio Aguilar worked with his rodeo horses on stage. This is where it is said he conceived the idea for his large arena rodeo productions.</p><br>
<h3>1950s-1960s</h3><br>
<p>In the late 1950s and early 1960s the theater&#39;s owner, Frank Fouce, went on to found Spanish International Communications Corp., named after his Spanish International Theater Company (which included the Million Dollar Theatre and the Mayan Theater, also located in Downtown Los Angeles). This company comprised the first group of Spanish language and UHF television stations in the United States; KMEX Channel 34 in Los Angeles (and, indirectly, the Univision television network) can trace its roots to the Million Dollar Theatre. The Million Dollar Theatre and the Fouce Family were pioneers in the then unheard of Spanish entertainment industry.</p><br>
<p>For their efforts, Frank Fouce was awarded El Aguila Azteca (Order of the Aztec Eagle), Mexico&#39;s highest civilian award, by President Miguel Alemán Valdés. The theater and Frank Fouce were also honored by the Mexican actors union ANDA for their contributions to the Mexican film, recording, and entertainment industry. In addition to its very successful stage productions, the theater was also the most prominent Spanish language cinema in the United States. Every major Mexican motion picture premiered at the Million Dollar, which was the most well known Spanish motion picture theater. The Million Dollar Theatre featured Mariachi Music at its best, Mariachi Vargas, Mariachi Chapala de Leopoldo Sosa y Esteban Hernandez, Mariachi Los Gallos de Crescencio Hernandez, Mariachi Los Galleros de Pedro Rey (Hernandez), Mariachi los Camperos (led by Nati Cano), Mariachi Mexico de Pepe Villa.</p><br>
<h3>1970s-1990s</h3><br>
<p>Gonzalo L. Checa, President of the Spanish division of the Metropolitan Theater Corporation, was responsible for the upsurge of attendance at the Million Dollar Theatre in the 1970s and 1980s due to his great expertise and keen insight of the entertainment needs of the Hispanic community. He was the one who oversaw, contracted and scheduled the fantastic showcase stage shows and the international movie premieres of notable Mexican and Latin film stars, such as Mario Moreno (Cantinflas) and the popular Spanish singer/actress Sarita Montiel and the Argentine "Elvis" Sandro de América. During this golden heyday the large lines of people waiting to attend the Million Dollar would wrap around the block and cause the Los Angeles Poice Department to close down Broadway to traffic. He is a well known expert, consultant and authority of the Mexican and Spanish Cinema as well as a legendary and well respected member of the Spanish motion picture business world, who became a low profile power broker and behind the scenes player, who helped launch the USA invasion of such stars as Vicente Fernández, José José, Nelson Ned, Juan Gabriel, Julio Alemán, María Elena Velasco ("La India Maria"), Enrique Cuenca Marquez and Eduardo Manzano ("Los Polivoces"), Raúl Ramírez, Jorge Rivero, Rodolfo de Anda, Eulalio Gonzalez ("El Piporo"), Joan Sebastian, Antonio Aguilar and his wife Flor Silvestre, Gaspar Henaine ("Capulina"), and the famous silver masked wrestler Rodolfo Guzmán Huerta ("El Santo") as well as countless other Spanish entertainment heavyweights and greats.</p><br>
<h3>2000s</h3><br>
<p>After serving as the home of a Spanish-speaking church for some years, as of 2006 the Million Dollar Theatre was empty, although the office building had been recently renovated and converted to residential space. In February 2008, the theater re-opened, once again showing live Spanish theatre. It continues to draw large crowds, and there are plans to begin screening major motion picture premieres.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The exterior of the theater, along with the Bradbury Building across the street, appear prominently in several films shot on location, including D.O.A. (1950) and Blade Runner (1982).</p><br>
<p>The interior of the theater appears prominently in the film The Artist (2011).</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the theater appears in Johnny Gill&#39;s music video "Fairweather Friend".</p><br>
<p>The theatre was featured in the videogame Grand Theft Auto V as the Ten Cent Theatre.</p><br>
<p>The theater was featured in Michael Connelly&#39;s Harry Bosch Novel "The Overlook" as the site of a secret FBI unit, and the site of a climactic shootout.</p><br>
<p>Branch House in Richmond, Virginia, was designed in 1916 by the firm of John Russell Pope as a private residence of financier John Kerr Branch  and his wife Beulah Gould Branch .</p><br>
<p>The house lies within Richmonds Monument Avenue Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1967. Branch House itself was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The districts status was extended in 1989 and subsequently upgraded to a National Historic Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<p>After a Branch family heir gifted the home to a local charity in the 1950s, the house changed ownership several times until it was purchased in 2003 by the Virginia Architecture Foundation (formerly the Virginia Center for Architecture Foundation) and reopened in 2005 as headquarters of its successor, the Virginia Center for Architecture (VCA), offices for the Virginia Society of the American Institute of Architects (VSAIA) and its now defunct publication, Inform magazine, and an architectural museum.</p><br>
<p>The Branch House would subsequently (2015) operate as The Branch Museum of Architecture and Design (The Branch), offices for AIA Virginia American Institute of Architects (AIAVA), and an architecture and design museum.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>John Kerr Branch was born in Danville, Virginia, to Mary Louise</p><br>
<p>Merritt Kerr (1840–1896) and John Patteson Branch (1830–1915), both originally of Petersburg, Virginia. The elder Branch was a noted Richmond banker, investor, financier and philanthropist. On his death in 1915, the New York Times called him the "Nestor of Richmond Bankers."</p><br>
<p>John Kerr Branch grew up in Richmond and attended the McGuire School, subsequently studying in Paris and Germany (1882–1884). At age 21 he began clerking with his fathers firm, Thomas Branch & Company. Branch invested successfully in real estate and railroads; ultimately inherited his familys banking fortune; and became director of the Continental Insurance Company of New York (chiefly involved with Southern cotton mills and railroads) and the Petersburg Savings and Insurance Company. He became President of Merchants National Bank of Richmond (having founded the bank in 1871); President of Thomas Branch and Company, later Branch & Company, (1837–1976); and President of Bankers and Brokers, Richmond. He was a member of the New York Stock Exchange and in addition to numerous Richmond clubs, also a member of the New York Yacht Club and the Downtown Association of New York.</p><br>
<p>Branch met Beulah Frances Gould in Germany on a retreat in the Black Forest. Both Quakers, they married in 1886 at the Gould family&#39;s rural estate, Elmwood, at Quaker Hill, Pawling, New York, and subsequently had three children: John Akin (born 1887), Zayde Bancroft Branch (born 1891), and Louise Branch (born 1900).</p><br>
<p>Branch had already begun a career as an avid collector at age 19, when he acquired two 16th-century chairs. He and his wife Beulah later became widely known as collectors of Italian Renaissance paintings, furniture, tapestries, woodwork and armour. For the design of their new home, they began working with the firm of John Russell Pope in 1914, well before the firms noted commissions in Washington, D.C. At the time when the Branches commissioned the home, Popes firm had just won the competition to design Richmonds Broad Street Train Station, just two blocks to the north on land owned by Branchs father near Monument Avenue&#39;s Jefferson Davis memorial. The elder Branch gifted an entire city block to his son and daughter on condition that they build their homes there. John Kerr built on one half of the block, and construction was complete in 1919 at a cost of $160,000, roughly the equivalent of $19 million in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Branches lived "seasonally," maintaining Elmwood, their farm estate at Quaker Hill, Pawling, New York and later also acquiring a 15th-century Italian Renaissance villa near Florence (Villa Marsilio Ficino in Fiesole). Branch House was their winter home.</p><br>
<p>John Kerr Branch died in Fiesole on July 1, 1930, at age 65 of bronchitis, and was buried in Richmond. Beulah Gould Branch continued to live in the home until her death in 1952. Their daughter, Zayde Branch Rennolds (Mrs. Edmond Addison Rennolds Sr.) subsequently gifted the home to a Richmond charity. A decade later, in the late 1960s, their granddaughter Zayde Rennolds Dotts (Mrs. Walter Dotts, Jr.) created the Monument Avenue Preservation Society to protect the surroundings of the home her grandparents had commissioned.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>After designing Branch House, the firm of John Russell Pope (1874–1937) became widely known for designing the National Archives and Records Administration building (1935), the Jefferson Memorial (1943) and the West Building of the National Gallery of Art (1941) in Washington, DC. Popes partner, Otto R. Eggers (1882–1964), completed those commissions after Popes death in 1937, and subsequently designed prominent projects including the interior of the (1952) and the Morehead Planetarium at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</p><br>
<p>Branch House was thus elevated to the National Register because it was designed by one of the countrys prominent architectural firms during the early 20th century; because it is the only example of the firms domestic work in Virginia; and because it is the only example of the firm&#39;s Tudor-Jacobean Revival residences in which the interiors have survived intact. In addition, the house is located within a historic district of cultural significance and is the largest house in the city of Richmond.</p><br>
<p>Branch House also accurately reflects a particular period of American history, in the early decades of the twentieth century, when English architectural styles were fashionable among wealthy industrialists and financiers. The client was also scion to a distinguished Virginia family and had assembled a substantial collection of Renaissance artifacts.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>After receiving the gift of half a city block from his father, John Kerr and Beulah Branch commissioned the firm of John Russell Pope for the design. The site was adjacent to the colonnaded memorial to Jefferson Davis at 2501 Monument Avenue at Davis Street, in what is now the Monument Avenue Historic District, itself within Richmonds Fan district. Notably, the site is on axis with the Broad Street Station to the north, possibly related to John Kerr Branchs professional associations with the railroad.</p><br>
<h3>Overall design</h3><br>
<p>According to the 1984 application to the National Register of Historic Places, Pope himself had limited involvement in the project and never visited the building. The architectural construction drawings were dated August 18, 1916, and signed by his business partner, architect Otto R. Eggers. Floor plans included 28 major rooms: public halls, galleries, private suites, servants&#39; quarters, a ballroom, and storage rooms designated specifically for carpets, china, paintings – and suits of armour.</p><br>
<p>The overall size of the house has been reported as ranging from 27,000 to 33,000 sq ft. It is roughly three times the size of its neighbors on Monument Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Branch House features a central portion flanked by two projecting pavilions. The roof is double-pitched with parapets and castellation (or crenelations), creating numerous complexities and hidden flat areas. The eastern pavilion has a three-story castellated bay. The 1984 application to the National Register of Historic Places described the homes relationship to the street as "extremely awkward." Popes office had made provision for a garage on Park Avenue, but a two-door garage was not added until the 1920s, at the west end of the building.</p><br>
<p>Although from the outside the house appears to have three storeys, and although the interior is logically laid out, the interior is organized on numerous different levels &mdash; variously reported as ranging from 11 levels to as many as 19.</p><br>
<h3>Style and inspiration</h3><br>
<p>The historic style of Branch House has been variously reported as Tudor, Tudor Revival, Tudor-Jacobean or Domestic Tudor. The 1984 application to the National Register of Historic Places noted that the design "incorporated salient features from several 16th-century English country houses to form a convincingly correct assemblage of design elements," adding that "to maintain the illusion of age, the architect had the building materials distressed and aged to add patina to the image of power and pedigree" and furthermore that "barons of American industry, finance, and culture, such as Branch, appropriated the traditions of English domestic architecture as a way of asserting a noble lineage for their class."</p><br>
<p>John Russell Pope had traveled extensively and the firm based the design for Branch House on a large 16th-century country house in Warwickshire, England known as Compton Wynyates, which features numerous exterior details also found at Branch House including linenfold paneling inside and exterior half-timbering and brick diapering, along with oriel and casement windows with leaded glass. Pope&#39;s office primarily borrowed details and design elements from Compton Wynyates, which wraps around a large interior courtyard, sits on the interior of a large country parcel, and is highly expansive and asymmetrical. Branch House, by contrast, includes no courtyard, sits adjacent to a street corner on an urban parcel and is largely compact and more symmetrical.</p><br>
<h3>Construction and details</h3><br>
<p>Exterior features of Branch House include its perimeter wall of brick construction, wall materials of weathered brick combined with distressed and patinized briarcliff sandstone, sculpted stone motifs, sandstone door and window surrounds, chimney pots, brickwork with diamond diapering, leaded glass, carved-stone heraldry, oriel windows with cul-de-lampe (corbeling resembling the conical bottom of ancient lamps), bargeboards resembling those of Compton Wynyates, inscriptions at the window heads referring to the Branch family&#39;s arrival in Virginia during the 17th century, a tower reminiscent of that at Hampton Court Palace, and three characteristically Tudor twisted brick chimneys that resemble those found in Tudor pattern books of the period.</p><br>
<p>The interior features vaulted ceilings, curvilinear tracery featuring heraldic symbols, heavily decorated pargeted Tudor-style plaster molding, and modern features including fireproof concrete floors and a redundant boiler in case the primary boiler failed. Utilizing artifacts from the Branches personal Renaissance collection, the house incorporated an Italian door and a carved wood gallery screen (or minstrel screen) from England. Until Beulah Gould Branchs death, almost every wall surface in the homes primary rooms was covered with the couples collection of tapestries and textiles.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership succession and recent history</h2><br>
<p>In 1953, Branch House was given by Zayde Branch Rennolds (Mrs. Edmund Addison Rennolds Sr.), the daughter of Beulah and John Kerr Branch, to the Richmond Community Chest, which subsequently became the United Givers Fund, in turn becoming the Richmond office of the United Way. After Beulah Gould Branch&#39;s death and during the years 1957–1975, the house became known as the Branch Memorial House.</p><br>
<p>By 1966, the house was occupied by a group of nine charities, including the United Way and the American Cancer Society. As the headquarters for the United Way of Greater Richmond, Branch House hosted numerous social events, meetings, and community activities, including the summer concert series of the Richmond Pops Band.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, Robert E. Pogue of Richmond and his wife Janice W. Pogue of Richmond bought the house and set up the offices of Pogue & Associates, Inc., an insurance agency representing Northwestern Mutual. The Pogues subsequently donated a preservation easement to the Virginia Department of Historic Resources. In exchange for tax benefits, the easement stipulated that "no major changes (could) be made to the exterior or interior, in perpetuity." In December 1983, the Pogues successfully applied to list Branch House on the National Register of Historic Places. During its use by the Pogues and Northwestern Mutual, the house was extensively rehabilitated and again made available for public events.</p><br>
<p>By 1990, the insurance agency had outgrown the house and put it up for sale for an asking price of 2.5 million.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the Virginia Center for Architecture Foundation (VCAF), precursor to the Virginia Center for Architecture (VCA), purchased the landmark for $2 million, subsequently verifying historic preservation tax credits, coordinating work with the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, and undertaking a $2 million renovation. The renovation repaired flat sections of the complex roof system, repaired the leaded-glass casement windows, removed paint from its interior stonework, modernized the HVAC systems and brought the facility into compliance with the accessibility requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act.</p><br>
<p>On April 1, 2005, the facility opened as a museum, incorporating galleries, shops and offices. Beulah Gould Branchs bedroom now serves as the official boardroom of VCA and VSAIA. Branch Houses original chapel room remains undeveloped.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the museum received a $250,000 gift from the Elwood Fund, administered by the descendants of John Kerr and Beulah Gould Branch. In 2014, the museum dedicated one of the facilitys gallerys in honor of Zayde Branch Rennolds and in recognition of the 2013 Elwood Fund gift.</p><br>
<p>As of 2015 the former residence is known as the Branch Museum of Architecture and Design.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary&#39;s Episcopal Church is an historic Episcopal parish in Burlington, Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. The original church was built in 1703 and was supplemented with a new church on adjacent land in 1854. On May 31, 1972, the new church was added to the National Register of Historic Places and on June 24, 1986, it was declared a National Historic Landmark. it is within the Burlington Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Old church</h2><br>
<p>In 1695 settlers acquired land for a cemetery at West Broad and Wood streets. They built St. Mary&#39;s Church there in 1703. It is the oldest Episcopal church in New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>With a growing congregation, the parish decided to build a new church. They commissioned Richard Upjohn to design the church. In 1846 he began the new church on adjoining land at 145 West Broad Street. It was consecrated in 1854.</p><br>
<h2>New church</h2><br>
<p>New St. Marys Church was constructed between 1846 and 1854. It is one of the earliest attempts in the United States to "follow a specific English medieval church model for which measured drawings existed." This Gothic Revival-style church was designed by Richard Upjohn, who modeled it after St. Johns Church in Shottesbrooke, England. It helped firmly establish Upjohn as a practitioner of Gothic design. It is a massive brownstone church with a long nave. The crossing is topped by a tall stone spire that has eight bells cast in England by Thomas Mears II at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry in 1865. The church was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Bloomfield (1753–1823), Governor of New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>Elias Boudinot (1740–1821), President of the Continental Congress from 1782-1783.</p><br>
<p>William Bradford (1755–1795), United States Attorney General</p><br>
<p>Daniel Coxe, Governor of West Jersey</p><br>
<p>George Washington Doane (1799–1859), second bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>Rowland Ellis</p><br>
<p>Edward Burd Grubb, Jr. (1841–1913), American Civil War Brevet Brigadier General.</p><br>
<p>Franklin D&#39;Olier, founder of the American Legion</p><br>
<p>James Kinsey (1731–1803), Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1789 to 1803.</p><br>
<p>Henry Seymour Lansing, American Civil War Brevet Brigadier General</p><br>
<p>Joseph McIlvaine (1769–1826), represented New Jersey in the United States Senate from 1823 to 1826.</p><br>
<p>William Milnor (1769–1848), member of the USA House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and Mayor of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>William H. Odenheimer, third Bishop of New Jersey</p><br>
<p>Isabel Paterson (1886–1961), libertarian author.</p><br>
<p>John H. Pugh (1827–1905), represented New Jersey&#39;s 2nd congressional district from 1877-1879.</p><br>
<p>Garret D. Wall (1783–1850), United States Senator from 1835-1841.</p><br>
<p>James Walter Wall (1820–1872), United States Senator and Mayor of Burlington, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>Amos Jerome Snell Hall and Charles Hitchcock Hall, more commonly known as Snell–Hitchcock, make up a residence hall at the University of Chicago. The dorm is on the northwest corner of the University&#39;s main quadrangles at the corner of 57th St. and Ellis Avenue. It is connected via emergency exits to Searle Chemistry Laboratory. Built in 1892  and 1901 , they are the oldest residence halls still in use as such on the university&#39;s campus. Snell is built in a Collegiate Gothic style, while Hitchcock is Prairie Style-inspired Gothic. The buildings feature fireplaces and exteriors of limestone, as well as hardwood molding and trim.</p><br>
<p>Snell–Hitchcock is known for having a high level of community spirit and involvement, which are best displayed at the annual University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt. As of 2015, the Snell–Hitchcock team has won 14 of the 29 hunts to date, and holds the longest winning streak (four years) in the history of the game.</p><br>
<p>Hitchcock Houses mascot is the armadillo. Snell Houses mascot is the tortoise, after being recently changed from a monkey.</p><br>
<h2>Hitchcock Hall</h2><br>
<p>Hitchcock was built in 1901, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It is built in a Collegiate Gothic style, like Snell and most of the University of Chicago&#39;s campus, but has many Prairie School elements, such as stone corn husks instead of gargoyles and flat-roofed instead of gabled dormers.</p><br>
<p>Hitchcock is built in the European "landing" style of dormitory with five stairwells linked through the front cloister and basement, though only the basement is used now in order to ensure that the building is more secure. The three interior "sections" (Sections II-IV) are each built around a single staircase. Each interior Section consists of two floors of four double-rooms with a fourth floor that has two suites (doubles with a large living room and separate bedroom). Most of the rooms have non-working fireplaces. The first floor houses the apartment for the Resident Masters, a live-in faculty couple. Traditionally, each section has had a women-only and a men-only floor, with the suite floor being either single or mixed-sex depending on the desires of the residents.</p><br>
<p>The outermost sections of Hitchcock (Sections I & V) house primarily upper-class students. They have small hallways with six to eight residents per floor, many in single rooms. Section I is the farthest from the front desk of Hitchcock and each floor is mixed-sex with a shared bathroom. It has some of the largest rooms in Hitchcock Hall, and includes several rooms known as "octagons" which are located in a turret-like structure and have many windows overlooking 57th and Ellis. The basement entrance to this section opens up into the common area that connects Snell and Hitchcock. Section I also contains "horseshoe doubles" (room #1x7), large doubles with separate niches and closets for each resident. The horseshoe doubles also have a (nonworking) fireplace and large hearth. Section I was also home to noted astronomer, Emmy award winner, and Pulitzer and Hugo award winning author Carl Sagan in the 1954–1955 academic year.</p><br>
<p>Section V is built above the Green Room, a large lounge, which is properly known as the Charles Hitchcock Memorial Library. Unlike Section I the first two floors are alternating single-sex (female, then male) with the top floor remaining mixed-sex. Section V has some of the more unusual rooms in Hitchcock, including several which have their own names.</p><br>
<p>On the second floor of section V is the "Fermi Room," where Enrico Fermi is said to have lived while working on the Manhattan Project in the 1940s. It is rumored that he chose that room because it had its own bathroom with tub; though the bathroom remains, the tub was replaced with a shower in 2008. Linked to the Fermi Room is the Fermi Blackboard, which is said to be the same blackboard Fermi used to do his calculations, although this may be an urban legend. This possibility does not, nevertheless, detract from many students&#39; desire to possess it.</p><br>
<p>On the fourth floor is "The Ranch" (room 541), a sprawling single which extends across the north side of the section. It overlooks the Regenstein Library and Ratner Athletic Center and on a clear day the Sears Tower can be seen in the distance. It is usually one of the most sought-after rooms in the House&#39;s annual housing lottery.</p><br>
<p>The main lounge in Hitchcock, the Green Room, is a large reading room with tiled floor, a grand piano, a working fireplace, and portraits of namesake Charles Hitchcock, benefactor Annie Hitchcock, and University of Chicago patron Daniel Shorey. Hitchcock also has a kitchen, a bike storage room, and a laundry room. Each section has its own door onto Hitchcocks cloister (known as the Arcade), but the doors are used for exiting only and all entry must be through the main entrance or from Snell. The Snell–Hitchcock front desk and mail room are located in Hitchcocks main entrance. Hitchcock has two assistant resident heads (RAs) and one set of Resident Heads, often a live-in graduate student couple.</p><br>
<h2>Snell Hall</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1892, Snell is half the size of Hitchcock, housing approximately 50 residents on four floors. It has the distinction of being one of the first womens dorms on a coeducational campus. In the beginning, it only housed women for two quarters; once the intended womens dorm opened, Snell was turned over to the men. All the rooms are singles, except for a two-room suite on the second floor. Three of the four floors are of mixed genders, while the third floor is women-only. A co-op kitchen, laundry room, and a small recreational room are located in the basement, which connects with Hitchcock Hall. Until 2014, when it was closed, Snell residents could enter the hall through a separate door from the main hall doors. Snells main lounge is the Tea Room, an oak-paneled room with a non-working fireplace, copious selection of periodicals and, notably to residents, a dog-eared copy of John Rechys novel The Sexual Outlaw. Snell resident assistant (RA) and one set of Resident Heads, often a live-in graduate student couple.</p><br>
<p>The Ashokan Reservoir  is a reservoir in Ulster County, New York. The reservoir is in the eastern end of the Catskill Park, and is one of several in the region created to provide the City of New York with water. It is the city&#39;s deepest reservoir, 190 ft deep near the dam at the former site of Bishop Falls.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>New York City turned to the Catskills for water in the early 20th century after discovering that a group of speculators calling itself the Ramapo Water Company had bought up riparian rights to many water sources further south in Rockland, Orange and Ulster counties. The Catskills were more desirable, as state-owned Forest Preserve land in the region could not, under the state constitution, be sold to any other party. A recent amendment to that section of the state constitution also allowed up to 3% of the total Forest Preserve land to be flooded for reservoirs.</p><br>
<p>In 1905 the New York State Legislature enacted legislation that created the New York City Board of Water Supply and allowed the city to acquire lands and build dams, reservoirs and aqueducts in the Catskills.</p><br>
<p>Local opponents of the reservoir cast doubt on its soundness, saying it could never hold enough water (it would be one of the largest reservoirs in the world at the time), but when it was filled from 1912 to 1914, they were silenced. Residents of the area to be flooded did not take kindly to the idea, and fought eminent domain proceedings bitterly. They were aided by local lawyers familiar with the checkered history of Catskill land claims. It would be 1940 before the last were settled.</p><br>
<p>The Ashokan Reservoir was constructed between 1907 and 1915, by the New York City Board of Water Supply, by impounding the Esopus Creek. Thousands of acres of farmland were submerged. The impoundment covered twelve communities located in a valley where farming, logging, and quarrying prevailed. Approximately two thousand residents along with roads, homes, shops, farms, churches, and mills were either moved or abandoned, but most of them were torn down. According to Bob Steuding, a humanities professor at Ulster County Community College in Stone Ridge, the area that became the West Basin of the reservoir contained 504 dwellings, nine blacksmith shops, 35 stores, 10 churches, 10 schools, seven sawmills and a gristmill. Several of these communities were re-established in nearby locations. Nearly 12-and-a-half miles (20 km) of a local railroad line (the Ulster and Delaware Railroad) was moved and cemeteries were relocated.</p><br>
<p>The dam was constructed mainly by local laborers, as well as African-Americans and Italian immigrants, who also did the job of razing most of the trees and buildings in the area. Fights would often break out in the labor camps where the crews would eat and sleep, so a police force, which would later become the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP) Police, was established to keep peace in the camps. The dam was constructed with Rosendale cement, which at the time was the world&#39;s strongest cement. When the dam was completed, giant steam whistles blew for one hour, signaling to people in the valley to evacuate immediately.</p><br>
<p>Some relocated communities survive along the reservoirs banks, such as West Shokan, Olivebridge, Ashokan and Shokan. Most, however, such as Browns Station, are remembered in historical markers along routes 28 and 28A.</p><br>
<p>The moniker "Ashokan", is more likely taken from the local Algonquin language than the Iroquois. Iroquois territory began a short distance north of Olive. The languages did have some commonalities in place names.</p><br>
<h2>Statistics</h2><br>
<p>The resulting body of water is the oldest New York City–owned reservoir in the Catskill Mountains, being placed into service as long ago as 1915. It is located at the eastern end of Ulster County, being about 13 mi west of Kingston, New York, and approximately 93 mi north of New York City. The reservoir is one of NYCs largest according to its surface area and volume. At full capacity, the reservoir can hold 122.9 e9USgal of water, has a 255-square-mile (408 km²) drainage basin, and is over 180 feet (54.9 m) deep at its deepest point, making it the citys deepest reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is encircled by Routes 28 and 28A, along with many relocated villages. It is separated into two basins by Reservoir Rd., which has a causeway that runs over the middle of it. Water does not pass freely between the two basins, and the eastern basin, which borders the relocated villages of Ashokan, Glenford, and West Hurley, along with the non-relocated village of Stony Hollow, is seven inches lower than the western basin. The western basin borders the relocated villages of Boiceville, Brodhead, Olive, Olivebridge, Shokan, and West Shokan. There is also an abandoned road that runs along the spillway of the reservoir, where water runs back into the Esopus Creek by Olivebridge.</p><br>
<p>Some of this water comes from the Schoharie Reservoir via the 16 mile (25.6 kilometre) Shandaken Tunnel, which empties into the Esopus Creek. It also gets water from said creek and its many tributaries. It flows another 11 mi to the Ashokan Reservoir. The water then flows into Olivebridge, New York to enter the 92 mi Catskill Aqueduct. It flows into the Kensico Reservoir, just north of White Plains, to mix with water from the Delaware Aqueduct. The water flows a few more miles into the Hillview Reservoir in Yonkers, the main collecting point for the water.</p><br>
<h2>Permitted activities</h2><br>
<p>Due to the need to ensure the safety of the water system, and to make sure the nearly century-old dams stay intact, only limited activities are permitted around the reservoir property, including fishing and logging. One needs a special license to do such activities. For instance, if one is to go boating or fishing, which the reservoir is well known to the locals for, one would need a public access permit that was issued after 2002. Otherwise, it is no longer valid.</p><br>
<p>Also, such activities as swimming and diving are strictly prohibited. This is in order to make sure the water stays as clean as possible. It is also illegal to bring gasoline-powered motorcraft into the reservoir. This is in case gasoline leaks into the water and pollutes it. Pine and spruce trees were planted around the banks at the time of dam and lake construction to prevent erosion. It was also believed by engineers of the time that broad-leaved deciduous trees polluted the water with nutrients more so than conifers.</p><br>
<p>After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the city and state decided to permanently close the spillway road to vehicular traffic as a security precaution. This has added a great deal more traveling time and distance for those on the south side of the reservoir to reach locations to the north. The city compensates the local school district for the extra fuel costs its buses have incurred. The Reservoir Road causeway, however, is still open.</p><br>
<p>Lava Butte is a cinder cone in central Oregon, United States, just west of US Highway 97 between the towns of Bend, Oregon, and Sunriver, Oregon. It is part of a system of small cinder cones on the northwest flank of Newberry Volcano, a massive shield volcano which rises to the southeast. The cinder cone is capped by a crater which extends about 60 ft deep beneath its south rim, and 160 ft deep from the 5,020 ft summit on its north side. Lava Butte is part of the Newberry National Volcanic Monument.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanic history</h2><br>
<p>Like the other cinder cones in the area, Lava Butte only experienced a single eruption, dated by geologists in 1977 to 6,150 carbon-14 years, equivalent to about 7,000 years ago. The eruption began with a fissure spewing hot cinders to form the cone. In the next phase, a river of hot basalt flowed from the base of the small volcano to cover a large area to the west with a lava flow which remains largely free of vegetation. The lava flows reached the Deschutes River about 2.5 mi to the west of the cone, burying its former channel under over 100 ft of lava and damming the river to form a lake, known as Lake Benham. The river eventually overflowed the lava dam and eroded down into it, draining the lake and forming Benham Falls. Geologists estimate that 90% of the magma erupted as lava flows, 9% as scoria which forms the cone, and 1% as volcanic ash which forms a thin layer extending to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Human history</h2><br>
<p>The early history of Lava Butte is not known, but it is assumed that Native Americans observed the eruptions and later ascended the prominent new landmark. White settlers arriving in the 1800s also noted the landmark. In 1903, I.C. Russell was the first geologist to study the butte and speculated that it erupted as recently as 150 years ago. Dr. Howel Williams estimated it to be much older, but incorrectly at 1,000 years old. In September 1914, Lava Butte "erupted" when the Bend Chamber of Commerce simulated an eruption to surprise a visiting Portland group. In 1925, USGS geologist Harold Stearns studied the Newberry area and recognized the fissure system which extends from Lava Butte to East Lake within Newberry Caldera.</p><br>
<p>Sometime after 1901, the Great Northern Railway was extended south through the area. The construction crew built the rail line directly through the ʻAʻā lava flow of Lava Butte.</p><br>
<p>The cinder cone was also exploited to some extent for its economic value. In June 1926, a quarry was developed in the fault scarp east of Lava Butte as a source for paving material for the first The Dalles-California Highway (later USA Route 97). In November 1929, cinders from Lava Butte were shipped to Longview, Washington, to be used in construction of Longview Bridge across Columbia River.</p><br>
<p>A United States Forest Service fire lookout tower was built on the summit in 1931, and in early 1933 a steep, single-lane road was constructed spiraling up to the summit. In February of that year, the local Skyliners ski club proposed a ski jump on Lava Butte, but it was never built. In June 1946, widening of the road up Lava Butte to two lanes was completed, along with constructing two small parking lots at the summit. The road was later paved in July 1950. The original lookout was replaced with a larger one in 1957, which was subsequently enlarged in 1962 to accommodate a small visitor center and museum on the first floor. In 1998 this was replaced with a new lookout built in the original L-4 style of 1931.</p><br>
<p>In July 1966, twenty-two astronauts trained in Central Oregon for the upcoming Moon landings, at sites including Lava Butte, Lava River Cave, and Newberry Crater. In May 1967 the USA Forest Service created the 8,983 acre Lava Butte Geological Area to protect the cinder cone, with plans for recreational and interpretive development. Construction of the Lava Lands Visitor Center located just south of the cone began in April 1969 and it was finally dedicated in September 1975. In November 1990, Newberry National Volcanic Monument was created encompassing Newberry Crater, Lava Cast Forest Geological Area, Lava River Cave, and the Lava Butte Geological Area.</p><br>
<p>The Tenmile Range is a mountain range in USA state of Colorado. The range is an extension of the Mosquito Range which is part of the Rocky Mountains. The two ranges are effectively the same range. They are split only by the Continental Divide and name. The Tenmile Range is on the north side of the divide, and the Mosquito on the south. The range is often referred to as the Tenmile-Mosquito Range.</p><br>
<p>There are more than a dozen peaks in the range. Peak 1 is the northernmost peak. The sub-peaks of Mt. Victoria and Mt. Royal are located north of Peak 1. Tenmile Peak, south of Peak 1, is also known as Peak 2. Quandary Peak is the southernmost peak and highest point in the Range, elevation 14,265 feet.</p><br>
<p>The range is famous for its skiing, both backcountry and resort areas. Breckenridge Ski Resort is in the range.</p><br>
<p>The Tenmile Range includes Pacific Tarn, believed to be the highest named lake in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Highest peaks</h2><br>
<p>Quandary Peak 14,265</p><br>
<p>Fletcher Mountain 13,951</p><br>
<p>Pacific Peak</p><br>
<p>Unnamed Peak 13,900</p><br>
<p>Crystal Peak 13,852</p><br>
<p>Atlantic Peak 13,841</p><br>
<p>Wheeler Mountain 13,690</p><br>
<p>Peak 10 13,633</p><br>
<p>Father Dyer Peak 13,615, named for the clergyman John Lewis Dyer</p><br>
<p>North Star Mountain 13,614</p><br>
<h2>Additional information</h2><br>
<p>Peak 1 is the northernmost peak of the range.</p><br>
<p>The numbered peaks begin with Peak 1 which is directly north of Tenmile Peak. This peak used to have a ski jumping hill for the town of Frisco. South of Peak 1 are Peaks 2 through 10. There are more than a dozen peaks in the range. The southernmost is Quandary Peak. Wheeler Peak and North Star Mountain sit in both the Ten Mile (north) and Mosquito Ranges (south), straddling the Continental Divide.</p><br>
<p>Breckenridge Ski Resort occupies the east faces of Peaks 6-10. The summits of Peak 6 and Peak 8 are both accessible by chairlift. The Kensho SuperChair on Peak 6 terminates at a crest in a ridge 300 feet below the summit, while the Imperial Express SuperChair stops at 12,840 feet, 160 feet below the summit of Peak 8. The true summits of both peaks can then be accessed by a shot hike from the top of either lift.</p><br>
<p>The Central Experimental Farm , commonly known as the Experimental Farm, is an agricultural facility, working farm, and research centre of the Research Branch of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. As the name indicates, this farm is centrally located in and now surrounded by the City of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The 4 km&sup2; farm is a National Historic Site of Canada and most buildings are protected and preserved as heritage buildings.</p><br>
<p>The CEF original intent was to perform scientific research for improvement in agricultural methods and crops. While such research is still being conducted, the park-like atmosphere of the CEF has become an important place of recreation and education for the residents of Ottawa. Furthermore, over the years several other departments and agencies have encroached onto the CEF property, such as Natural Resources Canada, National Defence (HMCS Carleton on Dow&#39;s Lake), and the Ottawa Civic Hospital (helicopter pad).</p><br>
<p>The CEF is bordered by the Rideau Canal (a National Historic Site as well) to the east, Prince of Wales Drive to the South-East, Baseline Road to the south, and Merivale and Fisher Roads to the west, and Carling Avenue to the north.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Victorian era was a time of great interest in the advancement of natural sciences and many nations built zoos, observatories, botanical gardens, and experimental farms. Canada followed suit and as the result of lobbying by John Carling, the Minister of Agriculture, and William Saunders, the first director of the research branch, the "Act Respecting Experimental Stations" came into force in 1886. The CEF started out with 188 hectares, chosen because of their proximity to Parliament Hill but (at that time) outside the city. Over the next few years the site was prepared by improving the land, building the facilities, and planting the Arboretum and forest belt. Early research projects focused only on entomology, botany, and horticulture.</p><br>
<p>The Chief Dominion Architect(s) designed a number of prominent public buildings in Canada including those at the CEF: Thomas Seaton Scott (1871–1881); Thomas Fuller (architect) (1880–1897); David Ewart (1897–1914); Edgar Lewis Horwood (1914–1918); Richard Cotsman Wright (1918–1927); Thomas W. Fuller (1927–1936), Charles D. Sutherland (1936–1947); Joseph Charles Gustave Brault (1947–1952)</p><br>
<p>Thomas Seaton Scott and Thomas Fuller adopted the Neo-Gothic style. David Ewart embraced the Scottish baronial style.</p><br>
<p>In 1887-8, Chief Dominion Architect Thomas Fuller designed the Museum, laboratories, barn, stables, and Staff Residences on Prince of Wales Drive In 1887, Charles F. Cox lay out of the site and design of farm buildings. In 1887-1888, William John Beckett, a contractor, served as foreman during the building of the residences, offices and barns.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, livestock was introduced to the CEF.</p><br>
<p>Chief Dominion Architect David Ewart designed the Dominion Observatory, Carling Avenue in 1902; Chief Astronomer&#39;s Residence, 1909; and the Geodetic Survey Building, 1914. Chief Dominion Architect Edgar Lewis Horwood designed the Cereal and Agrostology Building, 1915-16; Agricultural Building, 1915; and records storage building, 1937. Chief Dominion Architect Richard Cotsman Wright designed a number of buildings including: the Poultry Office Building, 1920; and the Botanical Laboratory Building, 1924–25.</p><br>
<p>John Bethune Roper designed the Administration Building, Carling Avenue, 1934. William James Abra designed the Biological Building, 1935.</p><br>
<p>Over the years the scope of research grew and changed, prompting a need to increase the farms lands and buildings. The Horticulturalists house and staff residences were removed by the 1930s (they were no longer needed since the city had grown around the farm), the forest belt gradually disappeared, and new larger centralized facilities were built, starting with the Saunders Building in 1935, followed by the Neatby Building, Geophysical Lab, Laboratory Services Building, and the Carling Building.</p><br>
<p>From 1940-47, building 136, operated as a high frequency Naval Radio Station -CFF which frequently intercepted enemy transmissions. On May 1, 1993, a memorial was erected by NOAC and Royal Canadian Naval Association Ottawa and dedicated to the Naval Veterans and those who served at this station which provided a link during World War II between Canadian naval headquarters and ships at sea, allied naval headquarters and operational naval authorities.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the agricultural museum was created in the former Dairy Barn.</p><br>
<p>The Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office recognized or classified a number of CEF buildings on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings between 1984-1997. The Cereal Barn Building 76 was classified in 1984. The Victoria Memorial Museum was classified in 1986. The Main Dairy Barn Building 88 was classified in 1987. In 1988, the Botanical Laboratory / Horticulture Building 74 and the Sheep Showcase / Small Dairy Barn Building 95 were recognized. The Nutrition Building 59 was recognized in 1992. In 1993, Heritage House, Building 60 was recognized. The William Saunders Building 49 was recognized in 1994. In 1995, Heritage House, Building 54; K. W. Neatby Building 20 and the Main Piggery, Building 91 were recognized. In 1996, the Main Greenhouse Range, Building 50 was recognized. In 1997, a number of buildings were recognized: ARC Biotech, Building 34; Carpenter Shed, Building 98; Cereal Crops Building 75; Dairy Technology Building 57; Engineering Research Building 94; Horticulture Building 55; Laboratory Services Building 22; Pottery Shed, Building 77; and Service Building 56.</p><br>
<p>The CEF was designated as a National Historic Site in 1998.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, Public Works and Government Services Canada bought the Skyline office complex on the corner of Merivale and Baseline Roads from Nortel Networks. The complex has been renamed to "NHCAP" (=National Headquarters Complex for the Agriculture Portfolio). The head offices of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada have been relocated to this facility from the Sir John Carling Building, which was demolished on July 13, 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Dominion Observatory</p><br>
<p>Canada Agriculture Museum</p><br>
<p>Dominion Arboretum</p><br>
<p>Ornamental Gardens, consisting of:</p><br>
<p>the perennial collection</p><br>
<p>the rock garden</p><br>
<p>the rose garden</p><br>
<p>the annuals garden</p><br>
<p>the Macoun Memorial Garden</p><br>
<p>the hedge collection</p><br>
<p>Fletcher Wildlife Garden</p><br>
<p>Sir John Carling Building (demolished 2014)</p><br>
<p>Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre (ECORC) / K.W. Neatby Building</p><br>
<p>Skyline Building, 1341 Baseline Road.</p><br>
<p>The Canadian 4-H Council and Canadian 4-H Foundation</p><br>
<p>Butuan Bay is a bay and extension of the Bohol Sea a.k.a. the Mindanao Sea, in the northeast section of Mindanao in the Philippines. Its main river source is the Agusan River, which empties into the bay at the coastal city of Butuan. Butuan Bay is completely contained with the Agusan del Norte province.</p><br>
<h2>Ports of Butuan Bay</h2><br>
<p>Butuan Bay has only two major ports, the Port of Nasipit in Nasipit and the Port of Masao a.k.a. Masao River Port in Butuan City. The is Butuan City&#39;s seaport, and it was built to avoid having the city depend on the, which is the larger of the two ports. The Port of Nasipit is a major "hub" for the various ferries & shipping going to Butuan Bay and here are several major shipping & ferry lines serving the Manila and Cebu routes, which are: 2GO, Carlos A. Gothong Shipping Lines, Philippine Span Asia Carrier Corporation a.k.a. Sulpicio Lines, Cokaliong Shipping Lines and Trans-Asia Shipping Lines. The distance between the two ports is 27.1 kilometers.</p><br>
<h2>Bancasi Airport</h2><br>
<p>Between the 2 ports, there is Bancasi Airport which is in Butuan City, a regional airport and is the only airport in Agusan del Norte and the largest in Caraga. The airport is classified as a trunkline airport, or a major commercial airport, by the Air Transportation Office, a body of the Department of Transportation & Communications, that is responsible for the operations of not only this airport but also of all other airports, except the major international airports. The distances from the Airport to the two ports is 15 kilometers to the Port of Nasipit and 12.9 kilometers to the Port of Masao.</p><br>
<h2>Regional Highway Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The Bancasi Airport, the Port of Nasipit and the Port of Masao, are linked by the by the Butuan-Cagayan de Oro-Iligan Highway which also connects to Cagayan de Oro City and Surigao City. Cagayan de Oro City is 154 kilometers west and Surigao City is 150 kilometers north from the Port of Nasipit.</p><br>
<p>The which is 33 kilometers from the Port of Nasipit, which is where the Butuan-Cagayan de Oro-Iligan Highway connects to the Pan-Philippine Highway a.k.a. the National Highway or Maharlika Highway, which is the gateway to the provinces of eastern & southern Mindanao.</p><br>
<h2>Other Nearby Ports & Airports</h2><br>
<p>The next two closest ports are the Port of Surigao in Surigao City, and the Port of Cagayan de Oro in Cagayan de Oro City. Also, the next two closest airports are the Surigao Airport in Surigao City, and the Laguindingan Airport in Laguindingan.</p><br>
<h2>Philippine Coast Guard Detachment</h2><br>
<p>The Philippine Coast Guard — is located at the Port of Nasipit near the.</p><br>
<p>Lake of Egypt is a reservoir in the Little Egypt region of the USA state of Illinois. It is located six miles  south of Marion, Illinois and covers 2,300 acres  with 90 mi of shoreline. The lake has an average depth of 18 ft with a maximum depth of 52 ft. The lake is owned by the Southern Illinois Power Cooperative , who created the impoundment in 1962, by damming the South fork of the Saline River, to supply cooling water for a coal-burning electric power plant.</p><br>
<p>As a privately owned lake, it is subject to regulation by its owners and the state. Terms of use from the SIPC are in the "Official Lake of Egypt Rules and Regulations". Public access is allowed as are all size boat motors. Waterskiing and jet skis are also permitted in most of the lake. Fishing includes Bluegill, Largemouth Bass, Channel Catfish, Striped Bass, and Crappie. Camping at the lake is allowed at Buck Ridge Campground, part of the Shawnee National Forest.</p><br>
<p>The Stourbridge Canal is a canal in the West Midlands of England. It links the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal  with the Dudley Canal, and hence, via the Birmingham Canal Navigations, to Birmingham and the Black Country.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Stourbridge and Dudley canals were originally proposed as a single canal in 1775, with a primary purpose of carrying coal from Dudley to Stourbridge. Robert Whitworth had carried out a survey, which was approved at a meeting held in Stourbridge in February, at which the estimated cost was promised by subscribers. The chief promoter was Lord Dudley, but the bill was withdrawn from Parliament following fierce opposition from the Birmingham Canals. Two bills were presented in the autumn, one for each of the canals, with the details largely unchanged, and both became Acts of Parliament on 2 April 1776, despite continued opposition from Birmingham. The Act allowed the promoters to raise £30,000, but unlike most such acts, did not make any provision for additional amounts. Thomas Dadford was appointed as engineer, with James Green as an assistant. Work started on the aqueduct which would carry the canal over the River Stour.</p><br>
<p>The £30,000 of share capital had been spent by April 1778, and although not authorised to do so, the company issued bonds to raise more money. Construction was largely complete by 1779, and trading began. All of the canal was probably open by December. Dadford resigned in 1781, and the following year, a second Act of Parliament was obtained, to authorise the raising of an extra £10,000, and to legitimise the bonds already issued. The total cost was thus £43,000. Tolls on coal which originated on the canal and was then carried on the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal were higher than for other coal on that canal, and the Stourbridge Company had failed to get this clause repealed. They therefore sought to bypass the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, and approached the Birmingham Canals in 1784, with a proposal for a link between the Dudley Canal and their system. This resulted in an Act to build the Dudley Tunnel, which opened in 1792. They also proposed a 26 mi canal from Stourbridge to the River Severn at Diglis, which would have required two tunnels and 128 locks. The bill was rejected in 1786 when it reached the House of Lords, following opposition by the Staffordshire and Worcestershire company, but they reduced their tolls for Stourbridge coal two years later. A healthy trade in coal, ironstone and limestone developed, supplemented by iron products, bricks, clay, earthenware and glass. A dividend of 2.45 per cent was paid in 1785, which had risen to 6.3 per cent by 1789.</p><br>
<h3>Operation</h3><br>
<p>Trade continued to increase, reaching 100,000 tons in 1796, and continuing upwards as the iron and coal industries developed and the canal became part of a through route, following the opening of the Dudley Tunnel and the Dudley Canals extension through the Lapal Tunnel to Selly Oak. Dividends increased steadily, with 13.75 per cent being paid in 1840. In order to maintain their position, they helped to fund the enlargement of Gads Green reservoir, on the Dudley Canal, and also gave money to several coal mines to assist with pumping, on condition that the water was diverted into the canal. Stourbridge basin had to be enlarged in 1807 to cope with the volume of traffic. Further traffic came after 1815, when the Worcester and Birmingham Canal opened. Iron bound for London was shipped from Coalbrookdale via the canal and the Dudley&#39;s Selly Oak branch.</p><br>
<p>In the 1820s, several wharves were built on the Fens Branch, to serve the developing collieries near Kingswinford, and the company considered applying for a new Act of Parliament in 1829, to give them powers to build extra lines in this area, but they did not proceed. Instead, plans were developed for the Stourbridge Extension Canal, which served a similar purpose and opened in 1840. On a more personal level, the lockkeeper at Stourton received a pay rise in 1830, as the locks were now in use all night and on Sundays, while the Stourbridge lock-keeper received a similar reward in 1834, and a larger one two years later. In 1836, 144,606 tons of coal were carried, besides all the other traffic.</p><br>
<h3>Railway Age</h3><br>
<p>In 1844, the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway (OWWR) announced their intention to build a line which would partly run parallel to both the canal and the Dudley Canal. Despite opposition by the canal company, the line was built and opened in 1852 and 1853. However, its effect was not immediately significant, and a proposed reduction in tolls was not deemed to be necessary. Some goods were transferred to the railway from a private basin, which ultimately led to an agreement on tolls for such transfers and the construction in 1858 of a transhipment siding on Stourbridge wharf. Trade held up well, derived from six ironworks and a tinplate works situated on the canal above the Stourbridge flight, traffic from the collieries on the Extension Canal, and various other industrial concerns, including fire-brick manufacturers and glassworks. In 1865, a new Act of Parliament introduced powers to charge mileage tolls for traffic using the upper level, but not passing through any locks. Income gradually dropped, and the dividend was below 8 per cent for the first time in 1873. For many canal companies, the Railway and Canal Traffic Act, which became law in 1888, had a detrimental effect on revenue, but the Stourbridge tolls increased significantly, from £1,695 in 1894 to £2,718 in 1896.</p><br>
<p>A programme of dredging and other improvements, which enabled local trade to continue, kept the company profitable until effective competition from road vehicles began. In 1929, tolls were £3,750, although revenue from other sources increased income to £5,270, and a 3 per cent dividend was paid. By 1938, the operational profit was just £222. Tolls were down to £1,278 in 1946, and commercial traffic continued to decline until it ceased.</p><br>
<h3>Stourbridge Extension Canal</h3><br>
<p>A separate company built the Stourbridge Extension Canal from the Fens Branch to Shut End (in Kingswinford) thus opening up another part of the coalfield to development. This passed into the hands of the West Midland Railway, the successor to the OWWR in 1860, which then became part of the Great Western Railway soon afterwards. It remained in use until after the Second World War. Most of it was then filled in, apart from a few yards at the Fens Branch end, which remain watered and serve as a mooring place.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The canal leaves the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal at Stourton Junction, and immediately enters a four-lock flight to gain height. The pound above the locks is 1.7 mi long, and crosses the River Stour on an aqueduct just before Wordsley Junction. At the junction, the Stourbridge Arm continues on the same level into the centre of Stourbridge, while a flight of sixteen locks takes the canal up the hill towards Pensnett Chase, where there were collieries. The bottom lock is just above the junction, and Leys Junction is just above the top lock. From here, the Fens Branch is a short, navigable feeder from Fens Pools and the main canal continues for 1.8 mi to Delph Locks, a flight at the start of the Dudley Canal, which originally consisted of nine locks, but was rebuilt as eight in 1858.</p><br>
<p>The canal forms part of the Stourport Ring, which is one of the popular cruising rings for leisure boating. The length of the route is 74 mi, and it passes through 105 locks located on six inter-connected waterways.</p><br>
<h3>Stourbridge Town Arm</h3><br>
<p>At Wordsley Junction, the Stourbridge Town Arm heads south-east into the town of Stourbridge. The Stourbridge Town Branch Line railway was built in the 1850s from Stourbridge Junction railway station, via Stourbridge Town railway station to serve Stourbridge Basin. The basin was for interchange between the railway and the canal and this aided the canal&#39;s continued use.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 1958, the government-appointed Bowes Committee had listed the waterways which they thought ought to be retained for commercial operation, and the following year the Inland Waterways Redevelopment Advisory Committee (IWRAC) was set up to consider what to do with the rest. The Inland Waterways Protection Society, which had been formed in the East Midlands in 1958, produced a detailed proposal for the restoration of the Stourbridge and Dudley Canals, which they presented to the IWRAC in August 1959. The Inland Waterways Association also began campaigning for the waterway, after the Stourbridge flight was closed in 1960, to allow a bridge to be repaired.</p><br>
<p>To assist their case, the Inland Waterways Association, in conjunction with the Staffs and Worcs Canal Society, organised a national boat rally at Stourbridge in 1962. British Waterways erected signs to announce that the Stourbridge flight could not be used, and the Stourbridge arm was already partially blocked by a shoal. After failing to get any assurance that the shoal would be removed, volunteers took action, and cleared the canal using a dragline excavator which they had borrowed. There were letters in The Daily Telegraph from both the IWA and British Waterways, which generated more publicity, and 118 boats arrived for the rally. Press coverage included sympathetic articles in The Times and The Daily Telegraph, local authorities showed support for a revived canal, and the role of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal Society, who had jointly organised the event, was properly recognised.</p><br>
<p>The British Waterways Board published a report in January 1964, called The Future of the Waterways, in which they suggested that the case for retention of the Stourbridge Canal was borderline, but that if there was practical support from those interested in its survival, then that might alter the balance. With the 16 locks unnavigable, the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal Society (S&WCS) proposed a restoration programme to the newly formed British Waterways Board in late 1963, where the navvying would be done by volunteers under the direction of British Waterways, who would also provide the materials. The 1962 Transport Act had paved the way for canals to be considered for their amenity value, rather than as purely commercial enterprises, and against this background, the S&WCS proposal was accepted as a test case by the Board, and restoration began in 1964.</p><br>
<p>Work of the canal was undertaken by weekend working parties, including members of the S&WCS, the Dudley Tunnel Society and the Coventry Canal Society. A progress report issued by the IWA in April 1965 ultimately led to the formation of a publication called Navvies Notebook, which informed people about what was happening. It allowed volunteers to be drawn from a wider area, and in 1967, a record 45 people participated in a weekend working party on the canal. The canal was opened to through navigation again in May 1967. Following that success British Waterways went on to accept similar restoration working parties across the canal system.</p><br>
<h3>2008 Breach</h3><br>
<p>During flooding of the River Stour on 7 September 2008 a major breach occurred. This swept away a length of towpath and bank between Bellsmill and Stourton Locks, completely draining the pounds, including the Stourbridge Town Arm. The problem was caused by the River Stour flooding the area around the Stourbridge terminus, resulting in water level surges further along the canal. British Waterways restored navigation from the Dudley Canal, via Delph Locks and Wordsley Junction into the Town Arm fairly quickly. The canal was re-opened on 18 December 2008 after British Waterways completed repairs costing £650,000 ahead of schedule. The work included a 105 cubic yards concrete block constructed at the foot of the embankment to stabilise it.</p><br>
<p>The South Shore Cultural Center, in Chicago, Illinois, is a cultural facility located at 71st Street and South Shore Drive, in the city&#39;s South Shore neighborhood. It encompasses the grounds of the former South Shore Country Club.</p><br>
<p>The South Shore Country Club was founded in 1905 as a suburban counterpart to the urban clubs of Chicago, such as the Athletic Club. The original building was built at that time, designed by architects Marshall and Fox in a Mediterranean Revival style. In 1909, a theater was added, but in 1916, Marshall and Fox were engaged to design a newer building, still in the Mediterranean Revival style. This is the building that still stands. Originally built as a Protestant-only club, later, Irish-Catholics were admitted.</p><br>
<p>Besides the main clubhouse, the Country Club also had stables, a nine-hole golf course, tennis courts, a bowling green, and a private beach on Lake Michigan.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1960s, the character of the neighborhood was changing rapidly.</p><br>
<p>As Hyde Park, Woodlawn, and South Shore became racially integrated, the wealthy whites who formed the membership in the club started to leave the neighborhood in droves. In 1967, the club considered opening its membership to Jews (for the first time since the 1930s) and African Americans (for the first time ever). The decision at that time not to open membership accelerated the decline of the club; in 1973, the decision was made to liquidate its assets, and in 1975, the property was sold to the Chicago Park District for $9,775,000.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>A coalition of neighborhood activists and historic preservationists successfully convinced the Park District not to demolish the buildings. Instead, the facility was renamed the South Shore Cultural Center. Over two decades, the main buildings were slowly renovated and repurposed. Other buildings were torn down.</p><br>
<p>Today the Cultural Center houses the South Shore Cultural Center School of the Arts (youth and teen programs, community art classes, the Paul Robeson Theatre, a Fine Art Gallery, two dance studios, music practice rooms, and a visual arts studio with a kiln). In addition, there are banquet facilities for rent for weddings, receptions, and meetings. The golf course is still in operation, and is open to the public, as are the beach, picnic areas, gardens, and a nature center. The horse stables are currently used by the Chicago Police Department&#39;s mounted unit. The building houses the Parrot Cage Restaurant, which is operated as a teaching program of the Washburne Culinary Institute. The Chicago Lakefront Trail (abbreviated as LFT) is an 18-mile multi-use path in Chicago, Illinois along the coast of Lake Michigan and runs past the center.</p><br>
<p>The center now competes with the Jackson Park 63rd Street Beach House and Promontory Point as South Side beachfront special use facilities in the Park District.</p><br>
<p>The buildings exteriors were used as the "Palace Hotel Ballroom" in The Blues Brothers. The Cultural Center was the site of Barack and Michelle Obamas wedding reception on October 3, 1992.</p><br>
<p>On May 26, 2004, it became a Chicago Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Elsing Green Plantation, a National Historic Landmark and wildlife refuge, rests upon nearly 3,000 acre along the Pamunkey River in King William County, Virginia, a rural county on the western end of the state’s middle peninsula, approximately 33 mi northeast of the City of Richmond. The 18th-century plantation, now owned by the Lafferty family, has been in continuous operation for more than 300 years. In addition to the plantation house, dependency buildings and cultivated land, Elsing Green includes 2,454 acre of surrounding farmland, forest and marsh land. Elsing Green is also on the Virginia Landmarks Register and in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Its history dates back nearly three centuries with ties to the West family of Lord Delaware. The original structure, a brick Jacobean lodge now serving as the east dependency of the manor house, was built before 1690 by Colonel John West. It is said that Lord Delaware used the building as his hunting lodge, escaping to the King William woods by way of the Pamunkey River. Now serving as a wildlife refuge, no hunting is allowed on the property or surrounding wetlands.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although fire during the American Civil War destroyed many of the records detailing the history of Elsing Green, the Lafferty Foundation holds to what it believes as an accurate account of the plantation’s history.</p><br>
<p>The plantation was passed down through the West family after the death of Colonel John West in 1692. It eventually became associated with the Dandridge family of George Washington’s wife, Martha Custis. It is said that Martha Custis Washington actually rode her horse through the house.</p><br>
<p>The Dandridges built the Queen Anne manor house and kitchen house between 1715 and 1720. Carter Braxton, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, bought the plantation in 1753.</p><br>
<p>The plantation, through several inheritances and purchases, was eventually sold in the 1930s to Beverly D. Causey, whose family took it upon themselves to restore the then degraded property and structures.</p><br>
<p>Nearly two decades later, the family of the current owners purchased Elsing Green. In 1950, Edgar R. Lafferty, Jr., and his wife, Margaret, continued the restoration and expanded the plantation by adding previously purchased land adjacent to Elsing Green.</p><br>
<p>The Lafferty family formed the Lafferty Foundation to help preserve and protect Elsing Green after Edgar Lafferty, Jr.’s death. The tax-exempt organization acquired the plantation after Edgar Lafferty, Jr.’s death. To further ensure its preservation, Lafferty granted historic preservation easements to the Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission and the Virginia Outdoors Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and furnishings</h2><br>
<p>The exterior of the Queen Anne manor house is Flemish-bond brickwork, with its erection dating back to between 1715 and 1720. It is two-stories and U-shaped, with east and west wings jutting to the north. Doors on either side of the wing lead to a detached east dependency home (the original hunting lodge) and a west kitchen house. The Pamunkey River lies just 250 yd from the home.</p><br>
<p>In the home is 18th-century American and English furniture, including the “Surrender Table” on which the American and French negotiated terms of surrender with the English over the Battle of Yorktown of the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>Seleucia  was an ancient Greek city on the Mediterranean coast of Pamphylia, in Anatolia, approximately 15 km northeast of Side; the site is currently about 1k north of the village of Bucakşeyhler , approximately 12 km northeast of Manavgat, Antalya Province, Turkey. It is situated on a hilltop with steep escarpments on several sides making a strong defensive position. The track from the village has recently been clearfelled but the main site is still within a mature pine forest. The German researcher Johannes Nollé has suggested, however, that the remains at this location are not those of Seleucia but rather those of Lyrba.</p><br>
<p>There are remains of an agora containing a row of two-storey and three-storey building façades, a gate, a mausoleum, a Roman bath, a necropolis, in addition to several temples and churches.Because of its remote location,the site has not been plundered for building materials and the area is littered with columns and other items like large grindstones for flour making.</p><br>
<p>The Free Frank McWorter Grave Site, near the Pike County, Illinois city of Barry, is the grave site of former slave Frank McWorter. McWorter, originally from South Carolina, bought his and 14 other slave relatives&#39; freedom during the mid-19th century in Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>In 1836 he was the first African American before the American Civil War to plat and register a town, New Philadelphia, Illinois. The New Philadelphia Town Site, abandoned by the early 20th century, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009 for its history and archaeological resources.</p><br>
<p>McWorter&#39;s grave site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It is located about 4 miles east of Barry, Illinois off USA Route 36.</p><br>
<p>Tinnsjå , also called Tinnsjø and Tinnsjøen, is one of the largest lakes in Norway, and one of the deepest in Europe. It is located between the municipalities of Tinn and Notodden in Telemark county. At its source in the west, the Måna river flows out of Møsvatn and past Rjukan into Tinnsjå. From the north, the river Mår flows from the Mår, Gøystavatn, and Kalhovdfjorden lakes into Tinnsjå. Tinnsjå is part of the Skiensvassdrag, and drains via the Tinnelva river in the south, down to Heddalsvatn.</p><br>
<p>In 1944, during the German occupation of Norway, the ferry SF Hydro was sunk in Tinnsjå by the Norwegian resistance. The Germans were using the ferry to transport a large quantity of heavy water to Germany, where it was to be used for nuclear weapon research. The heavy water had been produced at Vemork, a factory located in Rjukan. The wreck of the ferry was discovered in 1993. In 2004, it was investigated and filmed for an episode of NOVA; heavy water samples were recovered and deuterium isotopic enrichment was confirmed.</p><br>
<p>In 2004 a film crew shooting footage for a new documentary on the heavy water sabotage became aware of an unusual fish, swimming near the lake bottom at a depth of 430 m. Two specimens of the previously unknown fish were captured in April 2005. Analysis revealed the fish to be closely related to Arctic char. The light-colored, translucent fish is up to 15 cm long and lacks a swim bladder.</p><br>
<p>The Pickens County Courthouse in the county seat of Carrollton, Alabama is the courthouse for Pickens County, Alabama. It is famous for a ghostly image that can be seen in one of its garrett windows, claimed to be that of freedman Henry Wells.</p><br>
<p>According to a common version of myth, Wells was arrested for burglary and arson, and lynched by a mob after his arrest. He was alleged to have burned down the second courthouse in 1876 (built to replace one destroyed by Union forces during the Civil War). By 1878 this third courthouse was completed, although the windows were not installed until February through March. The courthouse was rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>This time period was one of volatile social tensions. In 1877, the federal government ended Reconstruction and withdrew its troops from the South. White Democrats had regained control of state legislatures and passed measures to impose white supremacy. Wells was arrested in January 1878 and charged with the courthouse burning two years before. He was held in the new courthouse garret. He was taken out and lynched by a white mob before receiving any trial.</p><br>
<p>Historic sources say that Wells died of wounds after being shot while fleeing arrest in January 1878. But other freedmen were lynched at or near the courthouse, including four black men and a woman shot and killed in their cells in September 1893.</p><br>
<h2>Origins of the story</h2><br>
<p>The story of the appearance of the face in the courthouse window seems to have been a conflation through myth of two historic events, that of the lynching of Nathaniel Pierce, and that of the arrest and shooting of Henry Wells, who later confessed to burning down the courthouse, likely under coercion, and died of his wounds. White guilt over the lynching may have contributed to the account of Wells cursing the town and threatening they would be haunted by him.</p><br>
<p>This period was one of turmoil, as the federal government was withdrawing the last of its troops from the south, formally ending Reconstruction. White Democrats had already regained control of the state legislature and on the local level, white minorities used racial violence to impose and maintain white supremacy. As the 19th century progressed, the rate of lynchings rose, mostly directed at black men.</p><br>
<p>According to the West Alabamian, which was Carrollton&#39;s only newspaper at the time of the events, Nathaniel Pierce was being held on charges of murder when, on September 26, 1877, an armed mob forced their way into the jail where he was being held, took him outside the city, and lynched him. There was no indication that Pierce’s lynching had anything to do with the burning of the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The whites in town already suspected Henry Wells and an accomplice, Bill Buckhalter, of the crime. A story in the West Alabamian on December 13, 1876 said that Henry Wells and Bill Buckhalter were suspected of robbing a store on the night the courtroom was burned. The story also reported that stolen merchandise from the store was found in their homes. But that supports their part in robbery, not arson.</p><br>
<p>Buckhalter was arrested in January 1878. He confessed to the burglary, and blamed Wells for the burning of the courthouse. Wells was caught a few days later. When confronted by the police, he tried to flee, and was shot twice. He confessed to burning the courthouse, likely under coercion, and died from his wounds five days later.</p><br>
<p>These two events appeared to have been combined into the commonly told myth of how the face appeared in the courthouse window, but neither Pierce nor Wells could have been the "face in the window." Both Pierce and Wells died before the windows were installed in the new courthouse. The West Alabamian reported that windows were being installed in the courthouse on February 20, 1878. These windows were the windows in the main courtroom, which were the first windows installed due to a court session due to take place in the middle of March. The garret windows, including the one with the ghostly face, were not installed until weeks after Wells’ death.</p><br>
<h2>Face in the courthouse window</h2><br>
<p>What follows is the commonly told myth of how the face was etched into the window.</p><br>
<p>On November 16, 1876, the people of Carrollton, Alabama watched as their courthouse burned to the ground. The Pickens County Courthouse had been a source of pride for them. Their first courthouse had been burned down by invading Union Army troops during the American Civil War. In the difficult days of the Reconstruction, when materials were scarce and money was even scarcer, rebuilding the courthouse seemed to be an impossible task. Yet, through hard work and deep personal sacrifices by residents, the courthouse was rebuilt. It stood as a symbol of defiance in the face of defeat by the Union.</p><br>
<p>Yet, less than twelve years after Union troops had set fire to the town&#39;s first courthouse, the new one burned in 1876. Some said it was a burglary gone wrong. Even as work began on a third courthouse, the townspeople demanded vengeance for the arson. Not swayed by the lack of circumstantial evidence, they identified Henry Wells as a suspect; he was a freedman who lived near the town.</p><br>
<p>Henry Wells was said to have a horrible temper, and he had been involved in several brawls. People said he constantly carried a straight razor, and was not afraid to use it. Despite these rumors, however, there was only vague circumstantial evidence against him in the burning of the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>But it was Alabama in 1878, and Henry Wells was a black man accused of burning down a symbol of town pride. He was charged and arrested on four counts: arson, burglary, carrying a concealed weapon and assault with intent to murder. He was taken to the sheriff&#39;s office, located inside the newly completed courthouse, to await trial.</p><br>
<p>As word spread through the town of Wells arrest, the sheriff could sense trouble brewing. As the first few drunken men began heading toward the courthouse, the sheriff took Wells to the high garret of the new courthouse, and told him to keep quiet. But as the angry mob gathered below, Wells fear got the best of him. He went to the window, and looked down on the crowd. He yelled defiantly, "I am innocent. If you kill me, I am going to haunt you for the rest of your lives!" Just then, a bolt of lightning struck nearby, flashing the image of Wells&#39; face, contorted with fear, to the crowd below.</p><br>
<p>The lynch mob forced its way into the courthouse, and took their victim outside, even as he continued to proclaim his innocence. They killed him.</p><br>
<p>Early the next morning, as a member of the lynch mob passed by the courthouse, he happened to glance up at the garret window. He was shocked to see Wells’ face looking down at him, just as it had the night before, when it had been illuminated by the flash of lightning. He rubbed his eyes and cursed his hangover, but when he looked back up, there was Wells. He screamed, and as others arrived, they all remembered Wells&#39; prediction. “If you kill me, I am going to haunt you for the rest of your lives!”</p><br>
<p>The face remains in the courthouse window to this very day. No amount of washing has been able to remove it. On at least one occasion, it is said that every window pane in the courthouse was broken by a severe hailstorm; every pane, that is, except that with Wells&#39; face.</p><br>
<p>Another local version of this story is that while Wells was awaiting trial for being falsely accused of raping a white woman (a common accusation in lynchings), a lightning storm brewed, and an angry mob gathered below to lynch him, and he told them, "If you lynch me, you will forever see my face." At this time lightning struck the very window in which he was standing. From that day forward, no amount of washing, or replacing that window, has been able to remove his face.</p><br>
<h2>The image on the window</h2><br>
<p>The image on the window is easily seen, although it is more face-like from some angles than from others. It is said that the image is only visible from outside the courthouse; from inside the pane appears to be a normal pane of glass.</p><br>
<p>Since the photo was taken, the city of Carrollton has installed a reflective highway sign with an arrow pointing to the pane where the image appears. There are permanent binoculars installed across the street from the window for those who wish to get a closer look.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the courthouse was threatened with demolition, and the face was covered with a piece of plywood spray-painted with a smiley face. Due to a public campaign to save the face in the window, the courthouse is being renovated as funds become available.</p><br>
<h2>Racial aspects of the story</h2><br>
<p>The legend is related to the racism and white racial terrorism in Alabama during and especially after the Reconstruction Era, including lynching. According to a 2015 study, Pickens County had 15 lynchings, all before 1917. Together with two other counties that each had 15 lynchings, it is the third-highest total of any county in the state.</p><br>
<p>Among these lynchings were five that took place on September 14, 1893. A white mob stormed the county jail in Carrollton and shot to death Paul Archer, Will Archer, Emma Fair, Ed Guyton, and Paul Hill, freedmen who had been arrested on charges of burning down the mill and gin house of a white man. No trial had been held. Two weeks before that Joe Floyd was lynched in Carrollton.</p><br>
<p>John Harding Curry, who worked as a probate judge in the courthouse, recalls being concerned during the civil rights demonstrations in Alabama of the late 1960s and early 1970s that someone might damage the courthouse window, as it could be seen to symbolize an era of terrible racism. However, although the town had some instances of race-related vandalism, the window was never touched.</p><br>
<p>As Alan N. Brown has recounted it, another man working as a probate judge agreed to tell folktales to a 5th-grade class from a black school in Birmingham. Although he had never delivered the Wells story to a black audience, he told the students the story about the face in the courthouse window, ending his tale with a moral; "You might ask what that face in the courthouse is saying," he told the students. "It says to me, Dont ever let this happen again!" He asked the students if they had any questions. One little boy raised his hand and asked, "How do you know thats a black man up there?"</p><br>
<h2>Spreading the story</h2><br>
<p>Some version of this story was formed in the years after installation of the courthouse windows. In the later 20th century, it was included in compilations of ghost stories and folk tales published by whites. In this period of more than 80 years after events, separate events had repeatedly been combined into one myth: Henry Wells&#39; story was included in Kathryn Tucker Windham’s book of Alabama ghost stories, 13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey (1969); it also appears in Phantom Army of the Civil War and Other Southern Ghost Stories (1997), edited by Frank Spaeth and selected from FATE magazine; and Ghost Stories from the American South (1985), edited by W.K. McNeil.</p><br>
<h2>Representation in other media</h2><br>
<p>In 2009 a play about the myth related to Henry Wells, the burning of the second Courthouse, and the marking of a window in the new courthouse was commissioned from playwright Barry Bradford by First National Bank of Central Alabama. Beginning in April 2010 the play - The Face in the Courthouse Window - has been produced each Spring in the courtroom of the Courthouse. All proceeds from the play go toward preservation of the Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Mapledurham Watermill is a historic watermill in the civil parish of Mapledurham in the English county of Oxfordshire. It is driven by the head of water created by Mapledurham Lock and Weir, on the River Thames. The mill was built in the 15th century, and further extended in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. It is a grade II* listed building and is preserved in an operational state.</p><br>
<p>The mill also houses a micro hydro-electric power station, using a 3.6 m Archimedes&#39; screw turbine to generate electricity for sale to the National Grid. The turbine produces some 83.3 Kilowatts, which is sufficient to power about 140 homes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A mill was already present at Mapledurham at the time of the Domesday Book. The central section of the current mill building dates back to the 15th century. Originally the mill had a single water wheel, on the river side of the building. The mill was increased in size in the 1670s, and a leat was constructed to drive a second water wheel on the village side. It is this second wheel which is still in use today.</p><br>
<p>In 1690 the mill was leased to James Web for the sum of £60 per year. Around 1700 he expanded the mill again, to allow him to install the equipment to produce the refined flour that was becoming popular. His son Daniel Webb took over from him in 1726 at a rent of £100. In 1747, Thomas Atrum took over the mill at a rent of £150 p.a. in 1747, which was raised to £205 in 1776. In 1777 a barn was added on the mill island, and a wharf built to allow the mill to supply flour to the London market by barge. However, by 1784 Thomas Atrum was bankrupt.</p><br>
<p>The mill continued to flourish, and as late as 1823 plans were drawn up to rebuild the mill in classical style. The advent of cheap imported flour from North America damaged the mill&#39;s prosperity, but it remained in use until just after the Second World War. On 24 October 1951, the watermill was designated as a grade II* listed building. It was restored and brought back into use in 1980.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, work started on the installation of a new Archimedes&#39; screw turbine on the river side of the watermill in order generate electricity. This replaced a previous turbine installed in the 1920s to provide power to Mapledurham House that was no longer functional. At the time the turbine was inaugurated in 2012, it was the most powerful turbine on the River Thames, and the largest of its type in the country.</p><br>
<h2>Admission and access</h2><br>
<p>The mill is located in the grounds of Mapledurham House, and like the house is open to visitors on weekend and bank holiday afternoons from April to September. The water mill is normally working on opening days, and visitors can visit both main floors of the mill, and see (and feel) its operation.</p><br>
<p>Admission is charged, and joint tickets are available that allow admission to both house and mill. Access is by car down the narrow and steep lane that is Mapledurham village&#39;s only road connection, or by a boat service that runs from Thameside Promenade in Reading on all opening days.</p><br>
<h2>Media coverage</h2><br>
<p>The mill building is best known, and has gained worldwide recognition, for being featured on the cover of the eponymous 1970 debut album of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath.</p><br>
<p>The watermill is also known for its starring role in the 1976 film of The Eagle Has Landed, where the mill leat is the scene of the dramatic rescue of a local girl by a German paratrooper that results in the unmasking of Steiner and his men.</p><br>
<p>The mill appears in the introductory credits to the BBC television programme, Richard Hammond&#39;s Blast Lab, as the supposed hidden location of the underground lab. The mill also appears in the Midsomer Murders episode The Fisher King (season 7; episode 3), as the scene for the discovery of a body.</p><br>
<p>Coma Pedrosa  is the highest mountain in the principality of Andorra. It is popular with mountain climbers, its ascent being technically straightforward, although strenuous. From Arinsal to Camp de Refuge  is being considered moderate meanwhile the last 862m is considered to be difficult. Several mountain lakes and tarns are found on the slopes, notably Estanys de Baiau, which lies on the western slopes, across the Spanish border.</p><br>
<p>The nearest town is Arinsal, La Massana. Historically, the mountain provided ample security from invasions into Andorra.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Coma Pedrosa, shaped like a pyramid, is situated at the northwestern border with France and Spain. It has in the past acted as a barrier between Andorra and France. The mountainous terrain of Andorra, a landlocked country, contains 65 peaks that rise to an elevation of greater than 2,000 m, and of the 65 peaks, Coma Pedrosa has the highest one at 2,943 m.</p><br>
<p>Its recent exposure to tourism has attracted millions to enjoy the unique scenic beauty of its hills and valleys. The higher reaches of the mountain are covered with forests while the lower reaches have some arable lands. The mountain gets fully covered with snow during the winter months which provides opportunities for skiing and mountaineering, ice climbing and scrambling. During the summer season, the mountain provides many easy routes for trekking through the Arinsal valley covering neighbouring areas of Vall Ferrera in Spain after crossing Baiau, the mountain pass.</p><br>
<p>The town of Arinsal is in the narrow valley below the mountain. The Coma Pedrosas Estany Negre, the Torta Coma, Comas Gaspedrosa, the Puestode las Erolas, Cape dels Croes, and Puig dels Emborts in the Sierra del Aguiro surround the parish of La Massana.</p><br>
<p>The local area is known as Comapedrosa. The mountain is in a natural park called Parc Natural Comunal de les Valls del Comapedrosa (Communal natural park of the Comapedrosa valleys).</p><br>
<h3>Vegetation</h3><br>
<p>The forest vegetation in the mountain and its valleys are of pines, birch and firs. There are many glacier lakes formed within the valley created by the mountains and also vast meadows. Consequent to the popularity of skiing in and around this mountain valley near Arinsal and close to the Andorra la Vella and other valleys in Andorra, the pristine ambiance of the valley has been inundated with tourist resorts, hotels, restaurants and business establishments catering to tourists. This has created an awareness to preserve virgin mountains and forests, and put restrictions on further proliferation of ski resorts and urban activities by introducing a national network of parks as preserves.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The trek or the mountain climb starts from Arinsal, which is considered an easy route, from the picnic area at the base of the Ribal Warefall at 1,580 m. It takes about 4 to 4 hours to reach the highest point of Pic de Coma Pedrosa. The first part of the climb, taking just under half an hour, is along a wide, 800 m long foot track through a sign post to Aigues Juntes, which is the confluence of the Coma Pedrosa River and Pla de lEstany River rising from the mountains and arriving at Grau. The ascent continues along a steep hill slope of the Coma Pedrosa River valley and arrives at the Coma Pedrosa refuge or camping site at an elevation 2,272 m, which is located near the lEstany de les Truites (Trout Lake). A further hour&#39;s walk leads to the Estany Negre (Black Lake), named on account of its colour. The last stretch is for about one hour from Estany Negre to the highest peak in Andorra at 2,943 m elevation, and this trek, passing through rocky terrain, is difficult. The return trek follows the same route. A diversion through Malhiverns pass instead of Estany Negre is more enjoyable.</p><br>
<p>In the Arinsal valley below the Coma Pedrosa, winter season offers skiing and snowboarding. The first ski lifts were installed in Arinsal in 1973. It is 10 km northwest of Andorra la Vella and 5 km northwest of Massana, providing a pleasant après-ski sight. At an altitude of 2,260 m lies Refugi de Coma Pedrosa, a mountain hut. It was inaugurated in 1992.</p><br>
